blob: 773a45d4af9f2181028c2c247abf24f3790c4953 [file] [log] [blame]
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<!--[if IE]><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"><![endif]-->
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<meta name="generator" content="Asciidoctor 1.5.8">
<title>convert_T(3)</title>
<style>
/*! normalize.css v2.1.2 | MIT License | git.io/normalize */
/* ========================================================================== HTML5 display definitions ========================================================================== */
/** Correct `block` display not defined in IE 8/9. */
article, aside, details, figcaption, figure, footer, header, hgroup, main, nav, section, summary { display: block; }
/** Correct `inline-block` display not defined in IE 8/9. */
audio, canvas, video { display: inline-block; }
/** Prevent modern browsers from displaying `audio` without controls. Remove excess height in iOS 5 devices. */
audio:not([controls]) { display: none; height: 0; }
/** Address `[hidden]` styling not present in IE 8/9. Hide the `template` element in IE, Safari, and Firefox < 22. */
[hidden], template { display: none; }
script { display: none !important; }
/* ========================================================================== Base ========================================================================== */
/** 1. Set default font family to sans-serif. 2. Prevent iOS text size adjust after orientation change, without disabling user zoom. */
html { font-family: sans-serif; /* 1 */ -ms-text-size-adjust: 100%; /* 2 */ -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; /* 2 */ }
/** Remove default margin. */
body { margin: 0; }
/* ========================================================================== Links ========================================================================== */
/** Remove the gray background color from active links in IE 10. */
a { background: transparent; }
/** Address `outline` inconsistency between Chrome and other browsers. */
a:focus { outline: thin dotted; }
/** Improve readability when focused and also mouse hovered in all browsers. */
a:active, a:hover { outline: 0; }
/* ========================================================================== Typography ========================================================================== */
/** Address variable `h1` font-size and margin within `section` and `article` contexts in Firefox 4+, Safari 5, and Chrome. */
h1 { font-size: 2em; margin: 0.67em 0; }
/** Address styling not present in IE 8/9, Safari 5, and Chrome. */
abbr[title] { border-bottom: 1px dotted; }
/** Address style set to `bolder` in Firefox 4+, Safari 5, and Chrome. */
b, strong { font-weight: bold; }
/** Address styling not present in Safari 5 and Chrome. */
dfn { font-style: italic; }
/** Address differences between Firefox and other browsers. */
hr { -moz-box-sizing: content-box; box-sizing: content-box; height: 0; }
/** Address styling not present in IE 8/9. */
mark { background: #ff0; color: #000; }
/** Correct font family set oddly in Safari 5 and Chrome. */
code, kbd, pre, samp { font-family: monospace, serif; font-size: 1em; }
/** Improve readability of pre-formatted text in all browsers. */
pre { white-space: pre-wrap; }
/** Set consistent quote types. */
q { quotes: "\201C" "\201D" "\2018" "\2019"; }
/** Address inconsistent and variable font size in all browsers. */
small { font-size: 80%; }
/** Prevent `sub` and `sup` affecting `line-height` in all browsers. */
sub, sup { font-size: 75%; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; }
sup { top: -0.5em; }
sub { bottom: -0.25em; }
/* ========================================================================== Embedded content ========================================================================== */
/** Remove border when inside `a` element in IE 8/9. */
img { border: 0; }
/** Correct overflow displayed oddly in IE 9. */
svg:not(:root) { overflow: hidden; }
/* ========================================================================== Figures ========================================================================== */
/** Address margin not present in IE 8/9 and Safari 5. */
figure { margin: 0; }
/* ========================================================================== Forms ========================================================================== */
/** Define consistent border, margin, and padding. */
fieldset { border: 1px solid #c0c0c0; margin: 0 2px; padding: 0.35em 0.625em 0.75em; }
/** 1. Correct `color` not being inherited in IE 8/9. 2. Remove padding so people aren't caught out if they zero out fieldsets. */
legend { border: 0; /* 1 */ padding: 0; /* 2 */ }
/** 1. Correct font family not being inherited in all browsers. 2. Correct font size not being inherited in all browsers. 3. Address margins set differently in Firefox 4+, Safari 5, and Chrome. */
button, input, select, textarea { font-family: inherit; /* 1 */ font-size: 100%; /* 2 */ margin: 0; /* 3 */ }
/** Address Firefox 4+ setting `line-height` on `input` using `!important` in the UA stylesheet. */
button, input { line-height: normal; }
/** Address inconsistent `text-transform` inheritance for `button` and `select`. All other form control elements do not inherit `text-transform` values. Correct `button` style inheritance in Chrome, Safari 5+, and IE 8+. Correct `select` style inheritance in Firefox 4+ and Opera. */
button, select { text-transform: none; }
/** 1. Avoid the WebKit bug in Android 4.0.* where (2) destroys native `audio` and `video` controls. 2. Correct inability to style clickable `input` types in iOS. 3. Improve usability and consistency of cursor style between image-type `input` and others. */
button, html input[type="button"], input[type="reset"], input[type="submit"] { -webkit-appearance: button; /* 2 */ cursor: pointer; /* 3 */ }
/** Re-set default cursor for disabled elements. */
button[disabled], html input[disabled] { cursor: default; }
/** 1. Address box sizing set to `content-box` in IE 8/9. 2. Remove excess padding in IE 8/9. */
input[type="checkbox"], input[type="radio"] { box-sizing: border-box; /* 1 */ padding: 0; /* 2 */ }
/** 1. Address `appearance` set to `searchfield` in Safari 5 and Chrome. 2. Address `box-sizing` set to `border-box` in Safari 5 and Chrome (include `-moz` to future-proof). */
input[type="search"] { -webkit-appearance: textfield; /* 1 */ -moz-box-sizing: content-box; -webkit-box-sizing: content-box; /* 2 */ box-sizing: content-box; }
/** Remove inner padding and search cancel button in Safari 5 and Chrome on OS X. */
input[type="search"]::-webkit-search-cancel-button, input[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration { -webkit-appearance: none; }
/** Remove inner padding and border in Firefox 4+. */
button::-moz-focus-inner, input::-moz-focus-inner { border: 0; padding: 0; }
/** 1. Remove default vertical scrollbar in IE 8/9. 2. Improve readability and alignment in all browsers. */
textarea { overflow: auto; /* 1 */ vertical-align: top; /* 2 */ }
/* ========================================================================== Tables ========================================================================== */
/** Remove most spacing between table cells. */
table { border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0; }
meta.foundation-mq-small { font-family: "only screen and (min-width: 768px)"; width: 768px; }
meta.foundation-mq-medium { font-family: "only screen and (min-width:1280px)"; width: 1280px; }
meta.foundation-mq-large { font-family: "only screen and (min-width:1440px)"; width: 1440px; }
*, *:before, *:after { -moz-box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; }
html, body { font-size: 100%; }
body { background: white; color: #222222; padding: 0; margin: 0; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", "Helvetica", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; line-height: 1; position: relative; cursor: auto; }
a:hover { cursor: pointer; }
img, object, embed { max-width: 100%; height: auto; }
object, embed { height: 100%; }
img { -ms-interpolation-mode: bicubic; }
#map_canvas img, #map_canvas embed, #map_canvas object, .map_canvas img, .map_canvas embed, .map_canvas object { max-width: none !important; }
.left { float: left !important; }
.right { float: right !important; }
.text-left { text-align: left !important; }
.text-right { text-align: right !important; }
.text-center { text-align: center !important; }
.text-justify { text-align: justify !important; }
.hide { display: none; }
.antialiased { -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; }
img { display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; }
textarea { height: auto; min-height: 50px; }
select { width: 100%; }
object, svg { display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; }
.center { margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; }
.spread { width: 100%; }
p.lead, .paragraph.lead > p, #preamble > .sectionbody > .paragraph:first-of-type p { font-size: 1.21875em; line-height: 1.6; }
.subheader, .admonitionblock td.content > .title, .audioblock > .title, .exampleblock > .title, .imageblock > .title, .listingblock > .title, .literalblock > .title, .stemblock > .title, .openblock > .title, .paragraph > .title, .quoteblock > .title, table.tableblock > .title, .verseblock > .title, .videoblock > .title, .dlist > .title, .olist > .title, .ulist > .title, .qlist > .title, .hdlist > .title { line-height: 1.4; color: black; font-weight: 300; margin-top: 0.2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; }
/* Typography resets */
div, dl, dt, dd, ul, ol, li, h1, h2, h3, #toctitle, .sidebarblock > .content > .title, h4, h5, h6, pre, form, p, blockquote, th, td { margin: 0; padding: 0; direction: ltr; }
/* Default Link Styles */
a { color: #0068b0; text-decoration: none; line-height: inherit; }
a:hover, a:focus { color: #333333; }
a img { border: none; }
/* Default paragraph styles */
p { font-family: Noto, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 0.75em; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; }
p aside { font-size: 0.875em; line-height: 1.35; font-style: italic; }
/* Default header styles */
h1, h2, h3, #toctitle, .sidebarblock > .content > .title, h4, h5, h6 { font-family: Noto, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; color: black; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; line-height: 1.2125em; }
h1 small, h2 small, h3 small, #toctitle small, .sidebarblock > .content > .title small, h4 small, h5 small, h6 small { font-size: 60%; color: #4d4d4d; line-height: 0; }
h1 { font-size: 2.125em; }
h2 { font-size: 1.6875em; }
h3, #toctitle, .sidebarblock > .content > .title { font-size: 1.375em; }
h4 { font-size: 1.125em; }
h5 { font-size: 1.125em; }
h6 { font-size: 1em; }
hr { border: solid #dddddd; border-width: 1px 0 0; clear: both; margin: 1.25em 0 1.1875em; height: 0; }
/* Helpful Typography Defaults */
em, i { font-style: italic; line-height: inherit; }
strong, b { font-weight: bold; line-height: inherit; }
small { font-size: 60%; line-height: inherit; }
code { font-family: Consolas, "Liberation Mono", Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal; color: #264357; }
/* Lists */
ul, ol, dl { font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 0.75em; list-style-position: outside; font-family: Noto, sans-serif; }
ul, ol { margin-left: 1.5em; }
ul.no-bullet, ol.no-bullet { margin-left: 1.5em; }
/* Unordered Lists */
ul li ul, ul li ol { margin-left: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 0; font-size: 1em; /* Override nested font-size change */ }
ul.square li ul, ul.circle li ul, ul.disc li ul { list-style: inherit; }
ul.square { list-style-type: square; }
ul.circle { list-style-type: circle; }
ul.disc { list-style-type: disc; }
ul.no-bullet { list-style: none; }
/* Ordered Lists */
ol li ul, ol li ol { margin-left: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 0; }
/* Definition Lists */
dl dt { margin-bottom: 0.3em; font-weight: bold; }
dl dd { margin-bottom: 0.75em; }
/* Abbreviations */
abbr, acronym { text-transform: uppercase; font-size: 90%; color: black; border-bottom: 1px dotted #dddddd; cursor: help; }
abbr { text-transform: none; }
/* Blockquotes */
blockquote { margin: 0 0 0.75em; padding: 0.5625em 1.25em 0 1.1875em; border-left: 1px solid #dddddd; }
blockquote cite { display: block; font-size: 0.8125em; color: #5e93b8; }
blockquote cite:before { content: "\2014 \0020"; }
blockquote cite a, blockquote cite a:visited { color: #5e93b8; }
blockquote, blockquote p { line-height: 1.6; color: #333333; }
/* Microformats */
.vcard { display: inline-block; margin: 0 0 1.25em 0; border: 1px solid #dddddd; padding: 0.625em 0.75em; }
.vcard li { margin: 0; display: block; }
.vcard .fn { font-weight: bold; font-size: 0.9375em; }
.vevent .summary { font-weight: bold; }
.vevent abbr { cursor: auto; text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold; border: none; padding: 0 0.0625em; }
@media only screen and (min-width: 768px) { h1, h2, h3, #toctitle, .sidebarblock > .content > .title, h4, h5, h6 { line-height: 1.4; }
h1 { font-size: 2.75em; }
h2 { font-size: 2.3125em; }
h3, #toctitle, .sidebarblock > .content > .title { font-size: 1.6875em; }
h4 { font-size: 1.4375em; } }
/* Tables */
table { background: white; margin-bottom: 1.25em; border: solid 1px #d8d8ce; }
table thead, table tfoot { background: -webkit-linear-gradient(top, #add386, #90b66a); font-weight: bold; }
table thead tr th, table thead tr td, table tfoot tr th, table tfoot tr td { padding: 0.5em 0.625em 0.625em; font-size: inherit; color: white; text-align: left; }
table tr th, table tr td { padding: 0.5625em 0.625em; font-size: inherit; color: #6d6e71; }
table tr.even, table tr.alt, table tr:nth-of-type(even) { background: #edf2f2; }
table thead tr th, table tfoot tr th, table tbody tr td, table tr td, table tfoot tr td { display: table-cell; line-height: 1.4; }
body { -moz-osx-font-smoothing: grayscale; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; tab-size: 4; }
h1, h2, h3, #toctitle, .sidebarblock > .content > .title, h4, h5, h6 { line-height: 1.4; }
a:hover, a:focus { text-decoration: underline; }
.clearfix:before, .clearfix:after, .float-group:before, .float-group:after { content: " "; display: table; }
.clearfix:after, .float-group:after { clear: both; }
*:not(pre) > code { font-size: inherit; font-style: normal !important; letter-spacing: 0; padding: 0; background-color: white; -webkit-border-radius: 0; border-radius: 0; line-height: inherit; word-wrap: break-word; }
*:not(pre) > code.nobreak { word-wrap: normal; }
*:not(pre) > code.nowrap { white-space: nowrap; }
pre, pre > code { line-height: 1.6; color: #264357; font-family: Consolas, "Liberation Mono", Courier, monospace; font-weight: normal; }
em em { font-style: normal; }
strong strong { font-weight: normal; }
.keyseq { color: #333333; }
kbd { font-family: Consolas, "Liberation Mono", Courier, monospace; display: inline-block; color: black; font-size: 0.65em; line-height: 1.45; background-color: #f7f7f7; border: 1px solid #ccc; -webkit-border-radius: 3px; border-radius: 3px; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2), 0 0 0 0.1em white inset; box-shadow: 0 1px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2), 0 0 0 0.1em white inset; margin: 0 0.15em; padding: 0.2em 0.5em; vertical-align: middle; position: relative; top: -0.1em; white-space: nowrap; }
.keyseq kbd:first-child { margin-left: 0; }
.keyseq kbd:last-child { margin-right: 0; }
.menuseq, .menuref { color: #000; }
.menuseq b:not(.caret), .menuref { font-weight: inherit; }
.menuseq { word-spacing: -0.02em; }
.menuseq b.caret { font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 0.8; }
.menuseq i.caret { font-weight: bold; text-align: center; width: 0.45em; }
b.button:before, b.button:after { position: relative; top: -1px; font-weight: normal; }
b.button:before { content: "["; padding: 0 3px 0 2px; }
b.button:after { content: "]"; padding: 0 2px 0 3px; }
#header, #content, #footnotes, #footer { width: 100%; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; max-width: 62.5em; *zoom: 1; position: relative; padding-left: 1.5em; padding-right: 1.5em; }
#header:before, #header:after, #content:before, #content:after, #footnotes:before, #footnotes:after, #footer:before, #footer:after { content: " "; display: table; }
#header:after, #content:after, #footnotes:after, #footer:after { clear: both; }
#content { margin-top: 1.25em; }
#content:before { content: none; }
#header > h1:first-child { color: black; margin-top: 2.25rem; margin-bottom: 0; }
#header > h1:first-child + #toc { margin-top: 8px; border-top: 1px solid #dddddd; }
#header > h1:only-child, body.toc2 #header > h1:nth-last-child(2) { border-bottom: 1px solid #dddddd; padding-bottom: 8px; }
#header .details { border-bottom: 1px solid #dddddd; line-height: 1.45; padding-top: 0.25em; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0.25em; color: #5e93b8; display: -ms-flexbox; display: -webkit-flex; display: flex; -ms-flex-flow: row wrap; -webkit-flex-flow: row wrap; flex-flow: row wrap; }
#header .details span:first-child { margin-left: -0.125em; }
#header .details span.email a { color: #333333; }
#header .details br { display: none; }
#header .details br + span:before { content: "\00a0\2013\00a0"; }
#header .details br + span.author:before { content: "\00a0\22c5\00a0"; color: #333333; }
#header .details br + span#revremark:before { content: "\00a0|\00a0"; }
#header #revnumber { text-transform: capitalize; }
#header #revnumber:after { content: "\00a0"; }
#content > h1:first-child:not([class]) { color: black; border-bottom: 1px solid #dddddd; padding-bottom: 8px; margin-top: 0; padding-top: 1rem; margin-bottom: 1.25rem; }
#toc { border-bottom: 0 solid #dddddd; padding-bottom: 0.5em; }
#toc > ul { margin-left: 0.125em; }
#toc ul.sectlevel0 > li > a { font-style: italic; }
#toc ul.sectlevel0 ul.sectlevel1 { margin: 0.5em 0; }
#toc ul { font-family: Noto, sans-serif; list-style-type: none; }
#toc li { line-height: 1.3334; margin-top: 0.3334em; }
#toc a { text-decoration: none; }
#toc a:active { text-decoration: underline; }
#toctitle { color: black; font-size: 1.2em; }
@media only screen and (min-width: 768px) { #toctitle { font-size: 1.375em; }
body.toc2 { padding-left: 15em; padding-right: 0; }
#toc.toc2 { margin-top: 0 !important; background-color: white; position: fixed; width: 15em; left: 0; top: 0; border-right: 1px solid #dddddd; border-top-width: 0 !important; border-bottom-width: 0 !important; z-index: 1000; padding: 1.25em 1em; height: 100%; overflow: auto; }
#toc.toc2 #toctitle { margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.8rem; font-size: 1.2em; }
#toc.toc2 > ul { font-size: 0.9em; margin-bottom: 0; }
#toc.toc2 ul ul { margin-left: 0; padding-left: 1em; }
#toc.toc2 ul.sectlevel0 ul.sectlevel1 { padding-left: 0; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; }
body.toc2.toc-right { padding-left: 0; padding-right: 15em; }
body.toc2.toc-right #toc.toc2 { border-right-width: 0; border-left: 1px solid #dddddd; left: auto; right: 0; } }
@media only screen and (min-width: 1280px) { body.toc2 { padding-left: 20em; padding-right: 0; }
#toc.toc2 { width: 20em; }
#toc.toc2 #toctitle { font-size: 1.375em; }
#toc.toc2 > ul { font-size: 0.95em; }
#toc.toc2 ul ul { padding-left: 1.25em; }
body.toc2.toc-right { padding-left: 0; padding-right: 20em; } }
#content #toc { border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; border-color: #e6e6e6; margin-bottom: 1.25em; padding: 1.25em; background: white; -webkit-border-radius: 0; border-radius: 0; }
#content #toc > :first-child { margin-top: 0; }
#content #toc > :last-child { margin-bottom: 0; }
#footer { max-width: 100%; background-color: none; padding: 1.25em; }
#footer-text { color: black; line-height: 1.44; }
#content { margin-bottom: 0.625em; }
.sect1 { padding-bottom: 0.625em; }
@media only screen and (min-width: 768px) { #content { margin-bottom: 1.25em; }
.sect1 { padding-bottom: 1.25em; } }
.sect1:last-child { padding-bottom: 0; }
.sect1 + .sect1 { border-top: 0 solid #dddddd; }
#content h1 > a.anchor, h2 > a.anchor, h3 > a.anchor, #toctitle > a.anchor, .sidebarblock > .content > .title > a.anchor, h4 > a.anchor, h5 > a.anchor, h6 > a.anchor { position: absolute; z-index: 1001; width: 1.5ex; margin-left: -1.5ex; display: block; text-decoration: none !important; visibility: hidden; text-align: center; font-weight: normal; }
#content h1 > a.anchor:before, h2 > a.anchor:before, h3 > a.anchor:before, #toctitle > a.anchor:before, .sidebarblock > .content > .title > a.anchor:before, h4 > a.anchor:before, h5 > a.anchor:before, h6 > a.anchor:before { content: "\00A7"; font-size: 0.85em; display: block; padding-top: 0.1em; }
#content h1:hover > a.anchor, #content h1 > a.anchor:hover, h2:hover > a.anchor, h2 > a.anchor:hover, h3:hover > a.anchor, #toctitle:hover > a.anchor, .sidebarblock > .content > .title:hover > a.anchor, h3 > a.anchor:hover, #toctitle > a.anchor:hover, .sidebarblock > .content > .title > a.anchor:hover, h4:hover > a.anchor, h4 > a.anchor:hover, h5:hover > a.anchor, h5 > a.anchor:hover, h6:hover > a.anchor, h6 > a.anchor:hover { visibility: visible; }
#content h1 > a.link, h2 > a.link, h3 > a.link, #toctitle > a.link, .sidebarblock > .content > .title > a.link, h4 > a.link, h5 > a.link, h6 > a.link { color: black; text-decoration: none; }
#content h1 > a.link:hover, h2 > a.link:hover, h3 > a.link:hover, #toctitle > a.link:hover, .sidebarblock > .content > .title > a.link:hover, h4 > a.link:hover, h5 > a.link:hover, h6 > a.link:hover { color: black; }
.audioblock, .imageblock, .literalblock, .listingblock, .stemblock, .videoblock { margin-bottom: 1.25em; }
.admonitionblock td.content > .title, .audioblock > .title, .exampleblock > .title, .imageblock > .title, .listingblock > .title, .literalblock > .title, .stemblock > .title, .openblock > .title, .paragraph > .title, .quoteblock > .title, table.tableblock > .title, .verseblock > .title, .videoblock > .title, .dlist > .title, .olist > .title, .ulist > .title, .qlist > .title, .hdlist > .title { text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; text-align: left; }
table.tableblock > caption.title { white-space: nowrap; overflow: visible; max-width: 0; }
.paragraph.lead > p, #preamble > .sectionbody > .paragraph:first-of-type p { color: black; }
table.tableblock #preamble > .sectionbody > .paragraph:first-of-type p { font-size: inherit; }
.admonitionblock > table { border-collapse: separate; border: 0; background: none; width: 100%; }
.admonitionblock > table td.icon { text-align: center; width: 80px; }
.admonitionblock > table td.icon img { max-width: initial; }
.admonitionblock > table td.icon .title { font-weight: bold; font-family: Noto, sans-serif; text-transform: uppercase; }
.admonitionblock > table td.content { padding-left: 1.125em; padding-right: 1.25em; border-left: 1px solid #dddddd; color: #5e93b8; }
.admonitionblock > table td.content > :last-child > :last-child { margin-bottom: 0; }
.exampleblock > .content { border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; border-color: #e6e6e6; margin-bottom: 1.25em; padding: 1.25em; background: white; -webkit-border-radius: 0; border-radius: 0; }
.exampleblock > .content > :first-child { margin-top: 0; }
.exampleblock > .content > :last-child { margin-bottom: 0; }
.sidebarblock { border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; border-color: #e6e6e6; margin-bottom: 1.25em; padding: 1.25em; background: white; -webkit-border-radius: 0; border-radius: 0; }
.sidebarblock > :first-child { margin-top: 0; }
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<body class="manpage">
<div id="header">
<h1>convert_T(3) Manual Page</h1>
<h2 id="_name">Name</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<p>convert_T - Explicit type conversions using `convert_T()`</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="content">
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_c_specification">C Specification</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-c" data-lang="c">convert_destType(sourceType)
destType convert_destType&lt;_sat&gt;&lt;roundingMode&gt; (sourceType)
destTypen convert_destTypen&lt;_sat&gt;&lt;roundingMode&gt; (sourceType)</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_description">Description</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Explicit conversions may be performed using the</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-c" data-lang="c">convert_destType(sourceType)</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>suite of functions.
These provide a full set of type conversions between supported
<a href="#built-in-scalar-data-types">scalar</a>,
<a href="#built-in-vector-data-types">vector</a>, and
<a href="#other-built-in-data-types">other</a> data types except for the following
types: <code>bool</code>, <code>half</code>, <code>size_t</code>, <code>ptrdiff_t</code>, <code>intptr_t</code>, <code>uintptr_t</code>, and
<code>void</code>.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The number of elements in the source and destination vectors must match.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>In the example below:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-c" data-lang="c">uchar4 u;
int4 c = convert_int4(u);</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><code>convert_int4</code> converts a <code>uchar4</code> vector <code>u</code> to an <code>int4</code> vector <code>c</code>.</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-c" data-lang="c">float f;
int i = convert_int(f);</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><code>convert_int</code> converts a <code>float</code> scalar <code>f</code> to an int scalar <code>i</code>.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The behavior of the conversion may be modified by one or two optional
modifiers that specify saturation for out-of-range inputs and rounding
behavior.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The full form of the scalar convert function is:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-c" data-lang="c">destType *convert_destType&lt;_sat&gt;&lt;_roundingMode&gt;*(sourceType)</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The full form of the vector convert function is:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-c" data-lang="c">destType__n__ *convert_destType__n__&lt;_sat&gt;&lt;_roundingMode&gt;*(sourceType__n__)</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="data-types">Data Types</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Conversions are available for the following scalar types: <code>char</code>, <code>uchar</code>,
<code>short</code>, <code>ushort</code>, <code>int</code>, <code>uint</code>, <code>long</code>, <code>ulong</code>, <code>float</code>, and built-in
vector types derived therefrom.
The operand and result type must have the same number of elements.
The operand and result type may be the same type in which case the
conversion has no effect on the type or value of an expression.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Conversions between integer types follow the conversion rules specified in
<a href="#C99-spec">sections 6.3.1.1 and 6.3.1.3 of the C99 Specification</a> except
for <a href="#out-of-range-behavior">out-of-range behavior and saturated
conversions</a>.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="rounding-modes">Rounding Modes</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Conversions to and from floating-point type shall conform to IEEE-754
rounding rules.
Conversions may have an optional rounding mode modifier described in the
following table.</p>
</div>
<table id="table-rounding-mode" class="tableblock frame-all grid-all stretch">
<caption class="title">Table 1. Rounding Modes</caption>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 50%;">
<col style="width: 50%;">
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Modifier</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Rounding Mode Description</strong></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>_rte</code></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Round to nearest even</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>_rtz</code></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Round toward zero</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>_rtp</code></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Round toward positive infinity</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>_rtn</code></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Round toward negative infinity</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">no modifier specified</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Use the default rounding mode for this destination
type, <code>_rtz</code> for conversion to integers or the
default rounding mode for conversion to
floating-point types.</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>By default, conversions to integer type use the <code>_rtz</code> (round toward zero)
rounding mode and conversions to floating-point type<sup>10</sup> use the default
rounding mode.
The only default floating-point rounding mode supported is round to nearest
even i.e the default rounding mode will be <code>_rte</code> for floating-point types.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>[10] For conversions to floating-point format, when a finite source value
exceeds the maximum representable finite floating-point destination value,
the rounding mode will affect whether the result is the maximum finite
floating-point value or infinity of same sign as the source value, per
IEEE-754 rules for rounding.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="out-of-range-behavior">Out-of-Range Behavior and Saturated Conversions</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>When the conversion operand is either greater than the greatest
representable destination value or less than the least representable
destination value, it is said to be out-of-range.
The result of out-of-range conversion is determined by the conversion rules
specified by <a href="#C99-spec">section 6.3 of the C99 Specification</a>.
When converting from a floating-point type to integer type, the behavior is
implementation-defined.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Conversions to integer type may opt to convert using the optional saturated
mode by appending the _sat modifier to the conversion function name.
When in saturated mode, values that are outside the representable range
shall clamp to the nearest representable value in the destination format.
(NaN should be converted to 0).</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Conversions to floating-point type shall conform to IEEE-754 rounding rules.
The <code>_sat</code> modifier may not be used for conversions to floating-point
formats.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="explicit-conversion-examples">Explicit Conversion Examples</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Example 1:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-c" data-lang="c">short4 s;
// negative values clamped to 0
ushort4 u = convert_ushort4_sat( s );
// values &gt; CHAR_MAX converted to CHAR_MAX
// values &lt; CHAR_MIN converted to CHAR_MIN
char4 c = convert_char4_sat( s );</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Example 2:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-c" data-lang="c">float4 f;
// values implementation defined for
// f &gt; INT_MAX, f &lt; INT_MIN or NaN
int4 i = convert_int4( f );
// values &gt; INT_MAX clamp to INT_MAX, values &lt; INT_MIN clamp
// to INT_MIN. NaN should produce 0.
// The _rtz_ rounding mode is used to produce the integer values.
int4 i2 = convert_int4_sat( f );
// similar to convert_int4, except that floating-point values
// are rounded to the nearest integer instead of truncated
int4 i3 = convert_int4_rte( f );
// similar to convert_int4_sat, except that floating-point values
// are rounded to the nearest integer instead of truncated
int4 i4 = convert_int4_sat_rte( f );</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Example 3:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-c" data-lang="c">int4 i;
// convert ints to floats using the default rounding mode.
float4 f = convert_float4( i );
// convert ints to floats. integer values that cannot
// be exactly represented as floats should round up to the
// next representable float.
float4 f = convert_float4_rtp( i );</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_reinterpreting_data_as_another_type">Reinterpreting Data As Another Type</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>It is frequently necessary to reinterpret bits in a data type as another
data type in OpenCL.
This is typically required when direct access to the bits in a
floating-point type is needed, for example to mask off the sign bit or make
use of the result of a vector <a href="#operators-relational">relational operator</a>
on floating-point data<sup>11</sup>.
Several methods to achieve this (non-) conversion are frequently practiced
in C, including pointer aliasing, unions and memcpy.
Of these, only memcpy is strictly correct in C99.
Since OpenCL does not provide <strong>memcpy</strong>, other methods are needed.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>[11] In addition, some other extensions to the C language designed to support
particular vector ISA (e.g. AltiVecā„¢, CELL Broadband Engineā„¢
Architecture) use such conversions in conjunction with swizzle operators to
achieve type unconversion.
So as to support legacy code of this type, <strong>as_typen</strong>() allows conversions
between vectors of the same size but different numbers of elements, even
though the behavior of this sort of conversion is not likely to be portable
except to other OpenCL implementations for the same hardware architecture.
AltiVec is a trademark of Motorola Inc.
Cell Broadband Engine is a trademark of Sony Computer Entertainment, Inc.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_reinterpreting_types_using_unions">Reinterpreting Types Using Unions</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The OpenCL language extends the union to allow the program to access a
member of a union object using a member of a different type.
The relevant bytes of the representation of the object are treated as an
object of the type used for the access.
If the type used for access is larger than the representation of the object,
then the value of the additional bytes is undefined.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Examples:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-c" data-lang="c">// d only if double precision is supported
union { float f; uint u; double d; } u;
u.u = 1; // u.f contains 2**-149. u.d is undefined --
// depending on endianness the low or high half
// of d is unknown
u.f = 1.0f; // u.u contains 0x3f800000, u.d contains an
// undefined value -- depending on endianness
// the low or high half of d is unknown
u.d = 1.0; // u.u contains 0x3ff00000 (big endian) or 0
// (little endian). u.f contains either 0x1.ep0f
// (big endian) or 0.0f (little endian)</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_see_also">See Also</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p><a href="as_typen.html">as_typen</a>,
<a href="scalarDataTypes.html">scalarDataTypes</a>,
<a href="vectorDataTypes.html">vectorDataTypes</a></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_document_notes">Document Notes</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>For more information, see the OpenCL C Specification at URL</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><a href="https://www.khronos.org/registry/OpenCL/specs/2.2/html/OpenCL_C.html#explicit-conversions" class="bare">https://www.khronos.org/registry/OpenCL/specs/2.2/html/OpenCL_C.html#explicit-conversions</a></p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This page is extracted from the OpenCL C Specification.
Fixes and changes should be made to the Specification, not directly.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_copyright">Copyright</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Copyright (c) 2014-2019 Khronos Group. This work is licensed under a
<a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Creative Commons
Attribution 4.0 International License</a>.</p>
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