src/Tests.cpp - external/github.com/GPUOpen-LibrariesAndSDKs/VulkanMemoryAllocator - Git at Google

 //
 // Copyright (c) 2017-2019 Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. All rights reserved.
 //
 // Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
 // of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
 // in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
 // to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
 // copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
 // furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
 //
 // The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
 // all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
 //
 // THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
 // IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
 // FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
 // AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
 // LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
 // OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
 // THE SOFTWARE.
 //

 #include "Tests.h"
 #include "VmaUsage.h"
 #include "Common.h"
 #include <atomic>
 #include <thread>
 #include <mutex>

 #ifdef _WIN32

 static const char* CODE_DESCRIPTION = "Foo";

 extern VkCommandBuffer g_hTemporaryCommandBuffer;
 void BeginSingleTimeCommands();
 void EndSingleTimeCommands();

 #ifndef VMA_DEBUG_MARGIN
     #define VMA_DEBUG_MARGIN 0
 #endif

 enum CONFIG_TYPE {
     CONFIG_TYPE_MINIMUM,
     CONFIG_TYPE_SMALL,
     CONFIG_TYPE_AVERAGE,
     CONFIG_TYPE_LARGE,
     CONFIG_TYPE_MAXIMUM,
     CONFIG_TYPE_COUNT
 };

 static constexpr CONFIG_TYPE ConfigType = CONFIG_TYPE_SMALL;
 //static constexpr CONFIG_TYPE ConfigType = CONFIG_TYPE_LARGE;

 enum class FREE_ORDER { FORWARD, BACKWARD, RANDOM, COUNT };

 static const char* FREE_ORDER_NAMES[] = {
     "FORWARD",
     "BACKWARD",
     "RANDOM",
 };

 // Copy of internal VmaAlgorithmToStr.
 static const char* AlgorithmToStr(uint32_t algorithm)
 {
     switch(algorithm)
     {
     case VMA_POOL_CREATE_LINEAR_ALGORITHM_BIT:
         return "Linear";
     case VMA_POOL_CREATE_BUDDY_ALGORITHM_BIT:
         return "Buddy";
     case 0:
         return "Default";
     default:
         assert(0);
         return "";
     }
 }

 struct AllocationSize
 {
     uint32_t Probability;
     VkDeviceSize BufferSizeMin, BufferSizeMax;
     uint32_t ImageSizeMin, ImageSizeMax;
 };

 struct Config
 {
     uint32_t RandSeed;
     VkDeviceSize BeginBytesToAllocate;
     uint32_t AdditionalOperationCount;
     VkDeviceSize MaxBytesToAllocate;
     uint32_t MemUsageProbability[4]; // For VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_*
     std::vector<AllocationSize> AllocationSizes;
     uint32_t ThreadCount;
     uint32_t ThreadsUsingCommonAllocationsProbabilityPercent;
     FREE_ORDER FreeOrder;
     VmaAllocationCreateFlags AllocationStrategy; // For VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_STRATEGY_*
 };

 struct Result
 {
     duration TotalTime;
     duration AllocationTimeMin, AllocationTimeAvg, AllocationTimeMax;
     duration DeallocationTimeMin, DeallocationTimeAvg, DeallocationTimeMax;
     VkDeviceSize TotalMemoryAllocated;
     VkDeviceSize FreeRangeSizeAvg, FreeRangeSizeMax;
 };

 void TestDefragmentationSimple();
 void TestDefragmentationFull();

 struct PoolTestConfig
 {
     uint32_t RandSeed;
     uint32_t ThreadCount;
     VkDeviceSize PoolSize;
     uint32_t FrameCount;
     uint32_t TotalItemCount;
     // Range for number of items used in each frame.
     uint32_t UsedItemCountMin, UsedItemCountMax;
     // Percent of items to make unused, and possibly make some others used in each frame.
     uint32_t ItemsToMakeUnusedPercent;
     std::vector<AllocationSize> AllocationSizes;

     VkDeviceSize CalcAvgResourceSize() const
     {
         uint32_t probabilitySum = 0;
         VkDeviceSize sizeSum = 0;
         for(size_t i = 0; i < AllocationSizes.size(); ++i)
         {
             const AllocationSize& allocSize = AllocationSizes[i];
             if(allocSize.BufferSizeMax > 0)
                 sizeSum += (allocSize.BufferSizeMin + allocSize.BufferSizeMax) / 2 * allocSize.Probability;
             else
             {
                 const VkDeviceSize avgDimension = (allocSize.ImageSizeMin + allocSize.ImageSizeMax) / 2;
                 sizeSum += avgDimension * avgDimension * 4 * allocSize.Probability;
             }
             probabilitySum += allocSize.Probability;
         }
         return sizeSum / probabilitySum;
     }

     bool UsesBuffers() const
     {
         for(size_t i = 0; i < AllocationSizes.size(); ++i)
             if(AllocationSizes[i].BufferSizeMax > 0)
                 return true;
         return false;
     }

     bool UsesImages() const
     {
         for(size_t i = 0; i < AllocationSizes.size(); ++i)
             if(AllocationSizes[i].ImageSizeMax > 0)
                 return true;
         return false;
     }
 };

 struct PoolTestResult
 {
     duration TotalTime;
     duration AllocationTimeMin, AllocationTimeAvg, AllocationTimeMax;
     duration DeallocationTimeMin, DeallocationTimeAvg, DeallocationTimeMax;
     size_t LostAllocationCount, LostAllocationTotalSize;
     size_t FailedAllocationCount, FailedAllocationTotalSize;
 };

 static const uint32_t IMAGE_BYTES_PER_PIXEL = 1;

 uint32_t g_FrameIndex = 0;

 struct BufferInfo
 {
     VkBuffer Buffer = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
     VmaAllocation Allocation = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
 };

 static uint32_t GetAllocationStrategyCount()
 {
     uint32_t strategyCount = 0;
     switch(ConfigType)
     {
     case CONFIG_TYPE_MINIMUM: strategyCount = 1; break;
     case CONFIG_TYPE_SMALL:   strategyCount = 1; break;
     case CONFIG_TYPE_AVERAGE: strategyCount = 2; break;
     case CONFIG_TYPE_LARGE:   strategyCount = 2; break;
     case CONFIG_TYPE_MAXIMUM: strategyCount = 3; break;
     default: assert(0);
     }
     return strategyCount;
 }

 static const char* GetAllocationStrategyName(VmaAllocationCreateFlags allocStrategy)
 {
     switch(allocStrategy)
     {
     case VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_STRATEGY_BEST_FIT_BIT: return "BEST_FIT"; break;
     case VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_STRATEGY_WORST_FIT_BIT: return "WORST_FIT"; break;
     case VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_STRATEGY_FIRST_FIT_BIT: return "FIRST_FIT"; break;
     case 0: return "Default"; break;
     default: assert(0); return "";
     }
 }

 static void InitResult(Result& outResult)
 {
     outResult.TotalTime = duration::zero();
     outResult.AllocationTimeMin = duration::max();
     outResult.AllocationTimeAvg = duration::zero();
     outResult.AllocationTimeMax = duration::min();
     outResult.DeallocationTimeMin = duration::max();
     outResult.DeallocationTimeAvg = duration::zero();
     outResult.DeallocationTimeMax = duration::min();
     outResult.TotalMemoryAllocated = 0;
     outResult.FreeRangeSizeAvg = 0;
     outResult.FreeRangeSizeMax = 0;
 }

 class TimeRegisterObj
 {
 public:
     TimeRegisterObj(duration& min, duration& sum, duration& max) :
         m_Min(min),
         m_Sum(sum),
         m_Max(max),
         m_TimeBeg(std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now())
     {
     }

     ~TimeRegisterObj()
     {
         duration d = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now() - m_TimeBeg;
         m_Sum += d;
         if(d < m_Min) m_Min = d;
         if(d > m_Max) m_Max = d;
     }

 private:
     duration& m_Min;
     duration& m_Sum;
     duration& m_Max;
     time_point m_TimeBeg;
 };

 struct PoolTestThreadResult
 {
     duration AllocationTimeMin, AllocationTimeSum, AllocationTimeMax;
     duration DeallocationTimeMin, DeallocationTimeSum, DeallocationTimeMax;
     size_t AllocationCount, DeallocationCount;
     size_t LostAllocationCount, LostAllocationTotalSize;
     size_t FailedAllocationCount, FailedAllocationTotalSize;
 };

 class AllocationTimeRegisterObj : public TimeRegisterObj
 {
 public:
     AllocationTimeRegisterObj(Result& result) :
         TimeRegisterObj(result.AllocationTimeMin, result.AllocationTimeAvg, result.AllocationTimeMax)
     {
     }
 };

 class DeallocationTimeRegisterObj : public TimeRegisterObj
 {
 public:
     DeallocationTimeRegisterObj(Result& result) :
         TimeRegisterObj(result.DeallocationTimeMin, result.DeallocationTimeAvg, result.DeallocationTimeMax)
     {
     }
 };

 class PoolAllocationTimeRegisterObj : public TimeRegisterObj
 {
 public:
     PoolAllocationTimeRegisterObj(PoolTestThreadResult& result) :
         TimeRegisterObj(result.AllocationTimeMin, result.AllocationTimeSum, result.AllocationTimeMax)
     {
     }
 };

 class PoolDeallocationTimeRegisterObj : public TimeRegisterObj
 {
 public:
     PoolDeallocationTimeRegisterObj(PoolTestThreadResult& result) :
         TimeRegisterObj(result.DeallocationTimeMin, result.DeallocationTimeSum, result.DeallocationTimeMax)
     {
     }
 };

 static void CurrentTimeToStr(std::string& out)
 {
     time_t rawTime; time(&rawTime);
     struct tm timeInfo; localtime_s(&timeInfo, &rawTime);
     char timeStr[128];
     strftime(timeStr, _countof(timeStr), "%c", &timeInfo);
     out = timeStr;
 }

 VkResult MainTest(Result& outResult, const Config& config)
 {
     assert(config.ThreadCount > 0);

     InitResult(outResult);

     RandomNumberGenerator mainRand{config.RandSeed};

     time_point timeBeg = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();

     std::atomic<size_t> allocationCount = 0;
     VkResult res = VK_SUCCESS;

     uint32_t memUsageProbabilitySum =
         config.MemUsageProbability[0] + config.MemUsageProbability[1] +
         config.MemUsageProbability[2] + config.MemUsageProbability[3];
     assert(memUsageProbabilitySum > 0);

     uint32_t allocationSizeProbabilitySum = std::accumulate(
         config.AllocationSizes.begin(),
         config.AllocationSizes.end(),
         0u,
         [](uint32_t sum, const AllocationSize& allocSize) {
             return sum + allocSize.Probability;
         });

     struct Allocation
     {
         VkBuffer Buffer;
         VkImage Image;
         VmaAllocation Alloc;
     };

     std::vector<Allocation> commonAllocations;
     std::mutex commonAllocationsMutex;

     auto Allocate = [&](
         VkDeviceSize bufferSize,
         const VkExtent2D imageExtent,
         RandomNumberGenerator& localRand,
         VkDeviceSize& totalAllocatedBytes,
         std::vector<Allocation>& allocations) -> VkResult
     {
         assert((bufferSize == 0) != (imageExtent.width == 0 && imageExtent.height == 0));

         uint32_t memUsageIndex = 0;
         uint32_t memUsageRand = localRand.Generate() % memUsageProbabilitySum;
         while(memUsageRand >= config.MemUsageProbability[memUsageIndex])
             memUsageRand -= config.MemUsageProbability[memUsageIndex++];

         VmaAllocationCreateInfo memReq = {};
         memReq.usage = (VmaMemoryUsage)(VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_GPU_ONLY + memUsageIndex);
         memReq.flags |= config.AllocationStrategy;

         Allocation allocation = {};
         VmaAllocationInfo allocationInfo;

         // Buffer
         if(bufferSize > 0)
         {
             assert(imageExtent.width == 0);
             VkBufferCreateInfo bufferInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO };
             bufferInfo.size = bufferSize;
             bufferInfo.usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_VERTEX_BUFFER_BIT;

             {
                 AllocationTimeRegisterObj timeRegisterObj{outResult};
                 res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufferInfo, &memReq, &allocation.Buffer, &allocation.Alloc, &allocationInfo);
             }
         }
         // Image
         else
         {
             VkImageCreateInfo imageInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_CREATE_INFO };
             imageInfo.imageType = VK_IMAGE_TYPE_2D;
             imageInfo.extent.width = imageExtent.width;
             imageInfo.extent.height = imageExtent.height;
             imageInfo.extent.depth = 1;
             imageInfo.mipLevels = 1;
             imageInfo.arrayLayers = 1;
             imageInfo.format = VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM;
             imageInfo.tiling = memReq.usage == VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_GPU_ONLY ?
                 VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL :
                 VK_IMAGE_TILING_LINEAR;
             imageInfo.initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_PREINITIALIZED;
             switch(memReq.usage)
             {
             case VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_GPU_ONLY:
                 switch(localRand.Generate() % 3)
                 {
                 case 0:
                     imageInfo.usage = VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT | VK_IMAGE_USAGE_SAMPLED_BIT;
                     break;
                 case 1:
                     imageInfo.usage = VK_IMAGE_USAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_BIT | VK_IMAGE_USAGE_SAMPLED_BIT;
                     break;
                 case 2:
                     imageInfo.usage = VK_IMAGE_USAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_BIT | VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT;
                     break;
                 }
                 break;
             case VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_CPU_ONLY:
             case VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_CPU_TO_GPU:
                 imageInfo.usage = VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT;
                 break;
             case VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_GPU_TO_CPU:
                 imageInfo.usage = VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT;
                 break;
             }
             imageInfo.samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
             imageInfo.flags = 0;

             {
                 AllocationTimeRegisterObj timeRegisterObj{outResult};
                 res = vmaCreateImage(g_hAllocator, &imageInfo, &memReq, &allocation.Image, &allocation.Alloc, &allocationInfo);
             }
         }

         if(res == VK_SUCCESS)
         {
             ++allocationCount;
             totalAllocatedBytes += allocationInfo.size;
             bool useCommonAllocations = localRand.Generate() % 100 < config.ThreadsUsingCommonAllocationsProbabilityPercent;
             if(useCommonAllocations)
             {
                 std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(commonAllocationsMutex);
                 commonAllocations.push_back(allocation);
             }
             else
                 allocations.push_back(allocation);
         }
         else
         {
             TEST(0);
         }
         return res;
     };

     auto GetNextAllocationSize = [&](
         VkDeviceSize& outBufSize,
         VkExtent2D& outImageSize,
         RandomNumberGenerator& localRand)
     {
         outBufSize = 0;
         outImageSize = {0, 0};

         uint32_t allocSizeIndex = 0;
         uint32_t r = localRand.Generate() % allocationSizeProbabilitySum;
         while(r >= config.AllocationSizes[allocSizeIndex].Probability)
             r -= config.AllocationSizes[allocSizeIndex++].Probability;

         const AllocationSize& allocSize = config.AllocationSizes[allocSizeIndex];
         if(allocSize.BufferSizeMax > 0)
         {
             assert(allocSize.ImageSizeMax == 0);
             if(allocSize.BufferSizeMax == allocSize.BufferSizeMin)
                 outBufSize = allocSize.BufferSizeMin;
             else
             {
                 outBufSize = allocSize.BufferSizeMin + localRand.Generate() % (allocSize.BufferSizeMax - allocSize.BufferSizeMin);
                 outBufSize = outBufSize / 16 * 16;
             }
         }
         else
         {
             if(allocSize.ImageSizeMax == allocSize.ImageSizeMin)
                 outImageSize.width = outImageSize.height = allocSize.ImageSizeMax;
             else
             {
                 outImageSize.width  = allocSize.ImageSizeMin + localRand.Generate() % (allocSize.ImageSizeMax - allocSize.ImageSizeMin);
                 outImageSize.height = allocSize.ImageSizeMin + localRand.Generate() % (allocSize.ImageSizeMax - allocSize.ImageSizeMin);
             }
         }
     };

     std::atomic<uint32_t> numThreadsReachedMaxAllocations = 0;
     HANDLE threadsFinishEvent = CreateEvent(NULL, TRUE, FALSE, NULL);

     auto ThreadProc = [&](uint32_t randSeed) -> void
     {
         RandomNumberGenerator threadRand(randSeed);
         VkDeviceSize threadTotalAllocatedBytes = 0;
         std::vector<Allocation> threadAllocations;
         VkDeviceSize threadBeginBytesToAllocate = config.BeginBytesToAllocate / config.ThreadCount;
         VkDeviceSize threadMaxBytesToAllocate = config.MaxBytesToAllocate / config.ThreadCount;
         uint32_t threadAdditionalOperationCount = config.AdditionalOperationCount / config.ThreadCount;

         // BEGIN ALLOCATIONS
         for(;;)
         {
             VkDeviceSize bufferSize = 0;
             VkExtent2D imageExtent = {};
             GetNextAllocationSize(bufferSize, imageExtent, threadRand);
             if(threadTotalAllocatedBytes + bufferSize + imageExtent.width * imageExtent.height * IMAGE_BYTES_PER_PIXEL <
                 threadBeginBytesToAllocate)
             {
                 if(Allocate(bufferSize, imageExtent, threadRand, threadTotalAllocatedBytes, threadAllocations) != VK_SUCCESS)
                     break;
             }
             else
                 break;
         }

         // ADDITIONAL ALLOCATIONS AND FREES
         for(size_t i = 0; i < threadAdditionalOperationCount; ++i)
         {
             VkDeviceSize bufferSize = 0;
             VkExtent2D imageExtent = {};
             GetNextAllocationSize(bufferSize, imageExtent, threadRand);

             // true = allocate, false = free
             bool allocate = threadRand.Generate() % 2 != 0;

             if(allocate)
             {
                 if(threadTotalAllocatedBytes +
                     bufferSize +
                     imageExtent.width * imageExtent.height * IMAGE_BYTES_PER_PIXEL <
                     threadMaxBytesToAllocate)
                 {
                     if(Allocate(bufferSize, imageExtent, threadRand, threadTotalAllocatedBytes, threadAllocations) != VK_SUCCESS)
                         break;
                 }
             }
             else
             {
                 bool useCommonAllocations = threadRand.Generate() % 100 < config.ThreadsUsingCommonAllocationsProbabilityPercent;
                 if(useCommonAllocations)
                 {
                     std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(commonAllocationsMutex);
                     if(!commonAllocations.empty())
                     {
                         size_t indexToFree = threadRand.Generate() % commonAllocations.size();
                         VmaAllocationInfo allocationInfo;
                         vmaGetAllocationInfo(g_hAllocator, commonAllocations[indexToFree].Alloc, &allocationInfo);
                         if(threadTotalAllocatedBytes >= allocationInfo.size)
                         {
                             DeallocationTimeRegisterObj timeRegisterObj{outResult};
                             if(commonAllocations[indexToFree].Buffer != VK_NULL_HANDLE)
                                 vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, commonAllocations[indexToFree].Buffer, commonAllocations[indexToFree].Alloc);
                             else
                                 vmaDestroyImage(g_hAllocator, commonAllocations[indexToFree].Image, commonAllocations[indexToFree].Alloc);
                             threadTotalAllocatedBytes -= allocationInfo.size;
                             commonAllocations.erase(commonAllocations.begin() + indexToFree);
                         }
                     }
                 }
                 else
                 {
                     if(!threadAllocations.empty())
                     {
                         size_t indexToFree = threadRand.Generate() % threadAllocations.size();
                         VmaAllocationInfo allocationInfo;
                         vmaGetAllocationInfo(g_hAllocator, threadAllocations[indexToFree].Alloc, &allocationInfo);
                         if(threadTotalAllocatedBytes >= allocationInfo.size)
                         {
                             DeallocationTimeRegisterObj timeRegisterObj{outResult};
                             if(threadAllocations[indexToFree].Buffer != VK_NULL_HANDLE)
                                 vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, threadAllocations[indexToFree].Buffer, threadAllocations[indexToFree].Alloc);
                             else
                                 vmaDestroyImage(g_hAllocator, threadAllocations[indexToFree].Image, threadAllocations[indexToFree].Alloc);
                             threadTotalAllocatedBytes -= allocationInfo.size;
                             threadAllocations.erase(threadAllocations.begin() + indexToFree);
                         }
                     }
                 }
             }
         }

         ++numThreadsReachedMaxAllocations;

         WaitForSingleObject(threadsFinishEvent, INFINITE);

         // DEALLOCATION
         while(!threadAllocations.empty())
         {
             size_t indexToFree = 0;
             switch(config.FreeOrder)
             {
             case FREE_ORDER::FORWARD:
                 indexToFree = 0;
                 break;
             case FREE_ORDER::BACKWARD:
                 indexToFree = threadAllocations.size() - 1;
                 break;
             case FREE_ORDER::RANDOM:
                 indexToFree = mainRand.Generate() % threadAllocations.size();
                 break;
             }

             {
                 DeallocationTimeRegisterObj timeRegisterObj{outResult};
                 if(threadAllocations[indexToFree].Buffer != VK_NULL_HANDLE)
                     vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, threadAllocations[indexToFree].Buffer, threadAllocations[indexToFree].Alloc);
                 else
                     vmaDestroyImage(g_hAllocator, threadAllocations[indexToFree].Image, threadAllocations[indexToFree].Alloc);
             }
             threadAllocations.erase(threadAllocations.begin() + indexToFree);
         }
     };

     uint32_t threadRandSeed = mainRand.Generate();
     std::vector<std::thread> bkgThreads;
     for(size_t i = 0; i < config.ThreadCount; ++i)
     {
         bkgThreads.emplace_back(std::bind(ThreadProc, threadRandSeed + (uint32_t)i));
     }

     // Wait for threads reached max allocations
     while(numThreadsReachedMaxAllocations < config.ThreadCount)
         Sleep(0);

     // CALCULATE MEMORY STATISTICS ON FINAL USAGE
     VmaStats vmaStats = {};
     vmaCalculateStats(g_hAllocator, &vmaStats);
     outResult.TotalMemoryAllocated = vmaStats.total.usedBytes + vmaStats.total.unusedBytes;
     outResult.FreeRangeSizeMax = vmaStats.total.unusedRangeSizeMax;
     outResult.FreeRangeSizeAvg = vmaStats.total.unusedRangeSizeAvg;

     // Signal threads to deallocate
     SetEvent(threadsFinishEvent);

     // Wait for threads finished
     for(size_t i = 0; i < bkgThreads.size(); ++i)
         bkgThreads[i].join();
     bkgThreads.clear();

     CloseHandle(threadsFinishEvent);

     // Deallocate remaining common resources
     while(!commonAllocations.empty())
     {
         size_t indexToFree = 0;
         switch(config.FreeOrder)
         {
         case FREE_ORDER::FORWARD:
             indexToFree = 0;
             break;
         case FREE_ORDER::BACKWARD:
             indexToFree = commonAllocations.size() - 1;
             break;
         case FREE_ORDER::RANDOM:
             indexToFree = mainRand.Generate() % commonAllocations.size();
             break;
         }

         {
             DeallocationTimeRegisterObj timeRegisterObj{outResult};
             if(commonAllocations[indexToFree].Buffer != VK_NULL_HANDLE)
                 vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, commonAllocations[indexToFree].Buffer, commonAllocations[indexToFree].Alloc);
             else
                 vmaDestroyImage(g_hAllocator, commonAllocations[indexToFree].Image, commonAllocations[indexToFree].Alloc);
         }
         commonAllocations.erase(commonAllocations.begin() + indexToFree);
     }

     if(allocationCount)
     {
         outResult.AllocationTimeAvg /= allocationCount;
         outResult.DeallocationTimeAvg /= allocationCount;
     }

     outResult.TotalTime = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now() - timeBeg;

     return res;
 }

 void SaveAllocatorStatsToFile(const wchar_t* filePath)
 {
     wprintf(L"Saving JSON dump to file \"%s\"\n", filePath);
     char* stats;
     vmaBuildStatsString(g_hAllocator, &stats, VK_TRUE);
     SaveFile(filePath, stats, strlen(stats));
     vmaFreeStatsString(g_hAllocator, stats);
 }

 struct AllocInfo
 {
     VmaAllocation m_Allocation = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
     VkBuffer m_Buffer = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
     VkImage m_Image = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
     uint32_t m_StartValue = 0;
     union
     {
         VkBufferCreateInfo m_BufferInfo;
         VkImageCreateInfo m_ImageInfo;
     };

     void CreateBuffer(
         const VkBufferCreateInfo& bufCreateInfo,
         const VmaAllocationCreateInfo& allocCreateInfo);
     void Destroy();
 };

 void AllocInfo::CreateBuffer(
     const VkBufferCreateInfo& bufCreateInfo,
     const VmaAllocationCreateInfo& allocCreateInfo)
 {
     m_BufferInfo = bufCreateInfo;
     VkResult res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo, &m_Buffer, &m_Allocation, nullptr);
     TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
 }

 void AllocInfo::Destroy()
 {
     if(m_Image)
     {
         vkDestroyImage(g_hDevice, m_Image, nullptr);
     }
     if(m_Buffer)
     {
         vkDestroyBuffer(g_hDevice, m_Buffer, nullptr);
     }
     if(m_Allocation)
     {
         vmaFreeMemory(g_hAllocator, m_Allocation);
     }
 }

 class StagingBufferCollection
 {
 public:
     StagingBufferCollection() { }
     ~StagingBufferCollection();
     // Returns false if maximum total size of buffers would be exceeded.
     bool AcquireBuffer(VkDeviceSize size, VkBuffer& outBuffer, void*& outMappedPtr);
     void ReleaseAllBuffers();

 private:
     static const VkDeviceSize MAX_TOTAL_SIZE = 256ull * 1024 * 1024;
     struct BufInfo
     {
         VmaAllocation Allocation = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
         VkBuffer Buffer = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
         VkDeviceSize Size = VK_WHOLE_SIZE;
         void* MappedPtr = nullptr;
         bool Used = false;
     };
     std::vector<BufInfo> m_Bufs;
     // Including both used and unused.
     VkDeviceSize m_TotalSize = 0;
 };

 StagingBufferCollection::~StagingBufferCollection()
 {
     for(size_t i = m_Bufs.size(); i--; )
     {
         vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, m_Bufs[i].Buffer, m_Bufs[i].Allocation);
     }
 }

 bool StagingBufferCollection::AcquireBuffer(VkDeviceSize size, VkBuffer& outBuffer, void*& outMappedPtr)
 {
     assert(size <= MAX_TOTAL_SIZE);

     // Try to find existing unused buffer with best size.
     size_t bestIndex = SIZE_MAX;
     for(size_t i = 0, count = m_Bufs.size(); i < count; ++i)
     {
         BufInfo& currBufInfo = m_Bufs[i];
         if(!currBufInfo.Used && currBufInfo.Size >= size &&
             (bestIndex == SIZE_MAX || currBufInfo.Size < m_Bufs[bestIndex].Size))
         {
             bestIndex = i;
         }
     }

     if(bestIndex != SIZE_MAX)
     {
         m_Bufs[bestIndex].Used = true;
         outBuffer = m_Bufs[bestIndex].Buffer;
         outMappedPtr = m_Bufs[bestIndex].MappedPtr;
         return true;
     }

     // Allocate new buffer with requested size.
     if(m_TotalSize + size <= MAX_TOTAL_SIZE)
     {
         BufInfo bufInfo;
         bufInfo.Size = size;
         bufInfo.Used = true;

         VkBufferCreateInfo bufCreateInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO };
         bufCreateInfo.size = size;
         bufCreateInfo.usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT;

         VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocCreateInfo = {};
         allocCreateInfo.usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_CPU_ONLY;
         allocCreateInfo.flags = VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_MAPPED_BIT;

         VmaAllocationInfo allocInfo;
         VkResult res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo, &bufInfo.Buffer, &bufInfo.Allocation, &allocInfo);
         bufInfo.MappedPtr = allocInfo.pMappedData;
         TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS && bufInfo.MappedPtr);

         outBuffer = bufInfo.Buffer;
         outMappedPtr = bufInfo.MappedPtr;

         m_Bufs.push_back(std::move(bufInfo));

         m_TotalSize += size;

         return true;
     }

     // There are some unused but smaller buffers: Free them and try again.
     bool hasUnused = false;
     for(size_t i = 0, count = m_Bufs.size(); i < count; ++i)
     {
         if(!m_Bufs[i].Used)
         {
             hasUnused = true;
             break;
         }
     }
     if(hasUnused)
     {
         for(size_t i = m_Bufs.size(); i--; )
         {
             if(!m_Bufs[i].Used)
             {
                 m_TotalSize -= m_Bufs[i].Size;
                 vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, m_Bufs[i].Buffer, m_Bufs[i].Allocation);
                 m_Bufs.erase(m_Bufs.begin() + i);
             }
         }

         return AcquireBuffer(size, outBuffer, outMappedPtr);
    }

     return false;
 }

 void StagingBufferCollection::ReleaseAllBuffers()
 {
     for(size_t i = 0, count = m_Bufs.size(); i < count; ++i)
     {
         m_Bufs[i].Used = false;
     }
 }

 static void UploadGpuData(const AllocInfo* allocInfo, size_t allocInfoCount)
 {
     StagingBufferCollection stagingBufs;

     bool cmdBufferStarted = false;
     for(size_t allocInfoIndex = 0; allocInfoIndex < allocInfoCount; ++allocInfoIndex)
     {
         const AllocInfo& currAllocInfo = allocInfo[allocInfoIndex];
         if(currAllocInfo.m_Buffer)
         {
             const VkDeviceSize size = currAllocInfo.m_BufferInfo.size;

             VkBuffer stagingBuf = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
             void* stagingBufMappedPtr = nullptr;
             if(!stagingBufs.AcquireBuffer(size, stagingBuf, stagingBufMappedPtr))
             {
                 TEST(cmdBufferStarted);
                 EndSingleTimeCommands();
                 stagingBufs.ReleaseAllBuffers();
                 cmdBufferStarted = false;

                 bool ok = stagingBufs.AcquireBuffer(size, stagingBuf, stagingBufMappedPtr);
                 TEST(ok);
             }

             // Fill staging buffer.
             {
                 assert(size % sizeof(uint32_t) == 0);
                 uint32_t* stagingValPtr = (uint32_t*)stagingBufMappedPtr;
                 uint32_t val = currAllocInfo.m_StartValue;
                 for(size_t i = 0; i < size / sizeof(uint32_t); ++i)
                 {
                     *stagingValPtr = val;
                     ++stagingValPtr;
                     ++val;
                 }
             }

             // Issue copy command from staging buffer to destination buffer.
             if(!cmdBufferStarted)
             {
                 cmdBufferStarted = true;
                 BeginSingleTimeCommands();
             }

             VkBufferCopy copy = {};
             copy.srcOffset = 0;
             copy.dstOffset = 0;
             copy.size = size;
             vkCmdCopyBuffer(g_hTemporaryCommandBuffer, stagingBuf, currAllocInfo.m_Buffer, 1, &copy);
         }
         else
         {
             TEST(0 && "Images not currently supported.");
         }
     }

     if(cmdBufferStarted)
     {
         EndSingleTimeCommands();
         stagingBufs.ReleaseAllBuffers();
     }
 }

 static void ValidateGpuData(const AllocInfo* allocInfo, size_t allocInfoCount)
 {
     StagingBufferCollection stagingBufs;

     bool cmdBufferStarted = false;
     size_t validateAllocIndexOffset = 0;
     std::vector<void*> validateStagingBuffers;
     for(size_t allocInfoIndex = 0; allocInfoIndex < allocInfoCount; ++allocInfoIndex)
     {
         const AllocInfo& currAllocInfo = allocInfo[allocInfoIndex];
         if(currAllocInfo.m_Buffer)
         {
             const VkDeviceSize size = currAllocInfo.m_BufferInfo.size;

             VkBuffer stagingBuf = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
             void* stagingBufMappedPtr = nullptr;
             if(!stagingBufs.AcquireBuffer(size, stagingBuf, stagingBufMappedPtr))
             {
                 TEST(cmdBufferStarted);
                 EndSingleTimeCommands();
                 cmdBufferStarted = false;

                 for(size_t validateIndex = 0;
                     validateIndex < validateStagingBuffers.size();
                     ++validateIndex)
                 {
                     const size_t validateAllocIndex = validateIndex + validateAllocIndexOffset;
                     const VkDeviceSize validateSize = allocInfo[validateAllocIndex].m_BufferInfo.size;
                     TEST(validateSize % sizeof(uint32_t) == 0);
                     const uint32_t* stagingValPtr = (const uint32_t*)validateStagingBuffers[validateIndex];
                     uint32_t val = allocInfo[validateAllocIndex].m_StartValue;
                     bool valid = true;
                     for(size_t i = 0; i < validateSize / sizeof(uint32_t); ++i)
                     {
                         if(*stagingValPtr != val)
                         {
                             valid = false;
                             break;
                         }
                         ++stagingValPtr;
                         ++val;
                     }
                     TEST(valid);
                 }

                 stagingBufs.ReleaseAllBuffers();

                 validateAllocIndexOffset = allocInfoIndex;
                 validateStagingBuffers.clear();

                 bool ok = stagingBufs.AcquireBuffer(size, stagingBuf, stagingBufMappedPtr);
                 TEST(ok);
             }

             // Issue copy command from staging buffer to destination buffer.
             if(!cmdBufferStarted)
             {
                 cmdBufferStarted = true;
                 BeginSingleTimeCommands();
             }

             VkBufferCopy copy = {};
             copy.srcOffset = 0;
             copy.dstOffset = 0;
             copy.size = size;
             vkCmdCopyBuffer(g_hTemporaryCommandBuffer, currAllocInfo.m_Buffer, stagingBuf, 1, &copy);

             // Sava mapped pointer for later validation.
             validateStagingBuffers.push_back(stagingBufMappedPtr);
         }
         else
         {
             TEST(0 && "Images not currently supported.");
         }
     }

     if(cmdBufferStarted)
     {
         EndSingleTimeCommands();

         for(size_t validateIndex = 0;
             validateIndex < validateStagingBuffers.size();
             ++validateIndex)
         {
             const size_t validateAllocIndex = validateIndex + validateAllocIndexOffset;
             const VkDeviceSize validateSize = allocInfo[validateAllocIndex].m_BufferInfo.size;
             TEST(validateSize % sizeof(uint32_t) == 0);
             const uint32_t* stagingValPtr = (const uint32_t*)validateStagingBuffers[validateIndex];
             uint32_t val = allocInfo[validateAllocIndex].m_StartValue;
             bool valid = true;
             for(size_t i = 0; i < validateSize / sizeof(uint32_t); ++i)
             {
                 if(*stagingValPtr != val)
                 {
                     valid = false;
                     break;
                 }
                 ++stagingValPtr;
                 ++val;
             }
             TEST(valid);
         }

         stagingBufs.ReleaseAllBuffers();
     }
 }

 static void GetMemReq(VmaAllocationCreateInfo& outMemReq)
 {
     outMemReq = {};
     outMemReq.usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_CPU_TO_GPU;
     //outMemReq.flags = VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_PERSISTENT_MAP_BIT;
 }

 static void CreateBuffer(
     VmaPool pool,
     const VkBufferCreateInfo& bufCreateInfo,
     bool persistentlyMapped,
     AllocInfo& outAllocInfo)
 {
     outAllocInfo = {};
     outAllocInfo.m_BufferInfo = bufCreateInfo;

     VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocCreateInfo = {};
     allocCreateInfo.pool = pool;
     if(persistentlyMapped)
         allocCreateInfo.flags = VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_MAPPED_BIT;

     VmaAllocationInfo vmaAllocInfo = {};
     ERR_GUARD_VULKAN( vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo, &outAllocInfo.m_Buffer, &outAllocInfo.m_Allocation, &vmaAllocInfo) );

     // Setup StartValue and fill.
     {
         outAllocInfo.m_StartValue = (uint32_t)rand();
         uint32_t* data = (uint32_t*)vmaAllocInfo.pMappedData;
         TEST((data != nullptr) == persistentlyMapped);
         if(!persistentlyMapped)
         {
             ERR_GUARD_VULKAN( vmaMapMemory(g_hAllocator, outAllocInfo.m_Allocation, (void**)&data) );
         }

         uint32_t value = outAllocInfo.m_StartValue;
         TEST(bufCreateInfo.size % 4 == 0);
         for(size_t i = 0; i < bufCreateInfo.size / sizeof(uint32_t); ++i)
             data[i] = value++;

         if(!persistentlyMapped)
             vmaUnmapMemory(g_hAllocator, outAllocInfo.m_Allocation);
     }
 }

 static void CreateAllocation(AllocInfo& outAllocation)
 {
     outAllocation.m_Allocation = nullptr;
     outAllocation.m_Buffer = nullptr;
     outAllocation.m_Image = nullptr;
     outAllocation.m_StartValue = (uint32_t)rand();

     VmaAllocationCreateInfo vmaMemReq;
     GetMemReq(vmaMemReq);

     VmaAllocationInfo allocInfo;

     const bool isBuffer = true;//(rand() & 0x1) != 0;
     const bool isLarge = (rand() % 16) == 0;
     if(isBuffer)
     {
         const uint32_t bufferSize = isLarge ?
             (rand() % 10 + 1) * (1024 * 1024) : // 1 MB ... 10 MB
             (rand() % 1024 + 1) * 1024; // 1 KB ... 1 MB

         VkBufferCreateInfo bufferInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO };
         bufferInfo.size = bufferSize;
         bufferInfo.usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT;

         VkResult res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufferInfo, &vmaMemReq, &outAllocation.m_Buffer, &outAllocation.m_Allocation, &allocInfo);
         outAllocation.m_BufferInfo = bufferInfo;
         TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
     }
     else
     {
         const uint32_t imageSizeX = isLarge ?
             1024 + rand() % (4096 - 1024) : // 1024 ... 4096
             rand() % 1024 + 1; // 1 ... 1024
         const uint32_t imageSizeY = isLarge ?
             1024 + rand() % (4096 - 1024) : // 1024 ... 4096
             rand() % 1024 + 1; // 1 ... 1024

         VkImageCreateInfo imageInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_CREATE_INFO };
         imageInfo.imageType = VK_IMAGE_TYPE_2D;
         imageInfo.format = VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM;
         imageInfo.extent.width = imageSizeX;
         imageInfo.extent.height = imageSizeY;
         imageInfo.extent.depth = 1;
         imageInfo.mipLevels = 1;
         imageInfo.arrayLayers = 1;
         imageInfo.samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
         imageInfo.tiling = VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL;
         imageInfo.initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_PREINITIALIZED;
         imageInfo.usage = VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT;

         VkResult res = vmaCreateImage(g_hAllocator, &imageInfo, &vmaMemReq, &outAllocation.m_Image, &outAllocation.m_Allocation, &allocInfo);
         outAllocation.m_ImageInfo = imageInfo;
         TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
     }

     uint32_t* data = (uint32_t*)allocInfo.pMappedData;
     if(allocInfo.pMappedData == nullptr)
     {
         VkResult res = vmaMapMemory(g_hAllocator, outAllocation.m_Allocation, (void**)&data);
         TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
     }

     uint32_t value = outAllocation.m_StartValue;
     TEST(allocInfo.size % 4 == 0);
     for(size_t i = 0; i < allocInfo.size / sizeof(uint32_t); ++i)
         data[i] = value++;

     if(allocInfo.pMappedData == nullptr)
         vmaUnmapMemory(g_hAllocator, outAllocation.m_Allocation);
 }

 static void DestroyAllocation(const AllocInfo& allocation)
 {
     if(allocation.m_Buffer)
         vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, allocation.m_Buffer, allocation.m_Allocation);
     else
         vmaDestroyImage(g_hAllocator, allocation.m_Image, allocation.m_Allocation);
 }

 static void DestroyAllAllocations(std::vector<AllocInfo>& allocations)
 {
     for(size_t i = allocations.size(); i--; )
         DestroyAllocation(allocations[i]);
     allocations.clear();
 }

 static void ValidateAllocationData(const AllocInfo& allocation)
 {
     VmaAllocationInfo allocInfo;
     vmaGetAllocationInfo(g_hAllocator, allocation.m_Allocation, &allocInfo);

     uint32_t* data = (uint32_t*)allocInfo.pMappedData;
     if(allocInfo.pMappedData == nullptr)
     {
         VkResult res = vmaMapMemory(g_hAllocator, allocation.m_Allocation, (void**)&data);
         TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
     }

     uint32_t value = allocation.m_StartValue;
     bool ok = true;
     size_t i;
     TEST(allocInfo.size % 4 == 0);
     for(i = 0; i < allocInfo.size / sizeof(uint32_t); ++i)
     {
         if(data[i] != value++)
         {
             ok = false;
             break;
         }
     }
     TEST(ok);

     if(allocInfo.pMappedData == nullptr)
         vmaUnmapMemory(g_hAllocator, allocation.m_Allocation);
 }

 static void RecreateAllocationResource(AllocInfo& allocation)
 {
     VmaAllocationInfo allocInfo;
     vmaGetAllocationInfo(g_hAllocator, allocation.m_Allocation, &allocInfo);

     if(allocation.m_Buffer)
     {
         vkDestroyBuffer(g_hDevice, allocation.m_Buffer, nullptr);

         VkResult res = vkCreateBuffer(g_hDevice, &allocation.m_BufferInfo, nullptr, &allocation.m_Buffer);
         TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);

         // Just to silence validation layer warnings.
         VkMemoryRequirements vkMemReq;
         vkGetBufferMemoryRequirements(g_hDevice, allocation.m_Buffer, &vkMemReq);
         TEST(vkMemReq.size >= allocation.m_BufferInfo.size);

         res = vkBindBufferMemory(g_hDevice, allocation.m_Buffer, allocInfo.deviceMemory, allocInfo.offset);
         TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
     }
     else
     {
         vkDestroyImage(g_hDevice, allocation.m_Image, nullptr);

         VkResult res = vkCreateImage(g_hDevice, &allocation.m_ImageInfo, nullptr, &allocation.m_Image);
         TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);

         // Just to silence validation layer warnings.
         VkMemoryRequirements vkMemReq;
         vkGetImageMemoryRequirements(g_hDevice, allocation.m_Image, &vkMemReq);

         res = vkBindImageMemory(g_hDevice, allocation.m_Image, allocInfo.deviceMemory, allocInfo.offset);
         TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
     }
 }

 static void Defragment(AllocInfo* allocs, size_t allocCount,
     const VmaDefragmentationInfo* defragmentationInfo = nullptr,
     VmaDefragmentationStats* defragmentationStats = nullptr)
 {
     std::vector<VmaAllocation> vmaAllocs(allocCount);
     for(size_t i = 0; i < allocCount; ++i)
         vmaAllocs[i] = allocs[i].m_Allocation;

     std::vector<VkBool32> allocChanged(allocCount);

     ERR_GUARD_VULKAN( vmaDefragment(g_hAllocator, vmaAllocs.data(), allocCount, allocChanged.data(),
         defragmentationInfo, defragmentationStats) );

     for(size_t i = 0; i < allocCount; ++i)
     {
         if(allocChanged[i])
         {
             RecreateAllocationResource(allocs[i]);
         }
     }
 }

 static void ValidateAllocationsData(const AllocInfo* allocs, size_t allocCount)
 {
     std::for_each(allocs, allocs + allocCount, [](const AllocInfo& allocInfo) {
         ValidateAllocationData(allocInfo);
     });
 }

 void TestDefragmentationSimple()
 {
     wprintf(L"Test defragmentation simple\n");

     RandomNumberGenerator rand(667);

     const VkDeviceSize BUF_SIZE = 0x10000;
     const VkDeviceSize BLOCK_SIZE = BUF_SIZE * 8;

     const VkDeviceSize MIN_BUF_SIZE = 32;
     const VkDeviceSize MAX_BUF_SIZE = BUF_SIZE * 4;
     auto RandomBufSize = [&]() -> VkDeviceSize {
         return align_up<VkDeviceSize>(rand.Generate() % (MAX_BUF_SIZE - MIN_BUF_SIZE + 1) + MIN_BUF_SIZE, 32);
     };

     VkBufferCreateInfo bufCreateInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO };
     bufCreateInfo.size = BUF_SIZE;
     bufCreateInfo.usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT;

     VmaAllocationCreateInfo exampleAllocCreateInfo = {};
     exampleAllocCreateInfo.usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_CPU_ONLY;

     uint32_t memTypeIndex = UINT32_MAX;
     vmaFindMemoryTypeIndexForBufferInfo(g_hAllocator, &bufCreateInfo, &exampleAllocCreateInfo, &memTypeIndex);

     VmaPoolCreateInfo poolCreateInfo = {};
     poolCreateInfo.blockSize = BLOCK_SIZE;
     poolCreateInfo.memoryTypeIndex = memTypeIndex;

     VmaPool pool;
     ERR_GUARD_VULKAN( vmaCreatePool(g_hAllocator, &poolCreateInfo, &pool) );

     // Defragmentation of empty pool.
     {
         VmaDefragmentationInfo2 defragInfo = {};
         defragInfo.maxCpuBytesToMove = VK_WHOLE_SIZE;
         defragInfo.maxCpuAllocationsToMove = UINT32_MAX;
         defragInfo.poolCount = 1;
         defragInfo.pPools = &pool;

         VmaDefragmentationStats defragStats = {};
         VmaDefragmentationContext defragCtx = nullptr;
         VkResult res = vmaDefragmentationBegin(g_hAllocator, &defragInfo, &defragStats, &defragCtx);
         TEST(res >= VK_SUCCESS);
         vmaDefragmentationEnd(g_hAllocator, defragCtx);
         TEST(defragStats.allocationsMoved == 0 && defragStats.bytesFreed == 0 &&
             defragStats.bytesMoved == 0 && defragStats.deviceMemoryBlocksFreed == 0);
     }

     std::vector<AllocInfo> allocations;

     // persistentlyMappedOption = 0 - not persistently mapped.
     // persistentlyMappedOption = 1 - persistently mapped.
     for(uint32_t persistentlyMappedOption = 0; persistentlyMappedOption < 2; ++persistentlyMappedOption)
     {
         wprintf(L"  Persistently mapped option = %u\n", persistentlyMappedOption);
         const bool persistentlyMapped = persistentlyMappedOption != 0;

         // # Test 1
         // Buffers of fixed size.
         // Fill 2 blocks. Remove odd buffers. Defragment everything.
         // Expected result: at least 1 block freed.
         {
             for(size_t i = 0; i < BLOCK_SIZE / BUF_SIZE * 2; ++i)
             {
                 AllocInfo allocInfo;
                 CreateBuffer(pool, bufCreateInfo, persistentlyMapped, allocInfo);
                 allocations.push_back(allocInfo);
             }

             for(size_t i = 1; i < allocations.size(); ++i)
             {
                 DestroyAllocation(allocations[i]);
                 allocations.erase(allocations.begin() + i);
             }

             VmaDefragmentationStats defragStats;
             Defragment(allocations.data(), allocations.size(), nullptr, &defragStats);
             TEST(defragStats.allocationsMoved > 0 && defragStats.bytesMoved > 0);
             TEST(defragStats.deviceMemoryBlocksFreed >= 1);

             ValidateAllocationsData(allocations.data(), allocations.size());

             DestroyAllAllocations(allocations);
         }

         // # Test 2
         // Buffers of fixed size.
         // Fill 2 blocks. Remove odd buffers. Defragment one buffer at time.
         // Expected result: Each of 4 interations makes some progress.
         {
             for(size_t i = 0; i < BLOCK_SIZE / BUF_SIZE * 2; ++i)
             {
                 AllocInfo allocInfo;
                 CreateBuffer(pool, bufCreateInfo, persistentlyMapped, allocInfo);
                 allocations.push_back(allocInfo);
             }

             for(size_t i = 1; i < allocations.size(); ++i)
             {
                 DestroyAllocation(allocations[i]);
                 allocations.erase(allocations.begin() + i);
             }

             VmaDefragmentationInfo defragInfo = {};
             defragInfo.maxAllocationsToMove = 1;
             defragInfo.maxBytesToMove = BUF_SIZE;

             for(size_t i = 0; i < BLOCK_SIZE / BUF_SIZE / 2; ++i)
             {
                 VmaDefragmentationStats defragStats;
                 Defragment(allocations.data(), allocations.size(), &defragInfo, &defragStats);
                 TEST(defragStats.allocationsMoved > 0 && defragStats.bytesMoved > 0);
             }

             ValidateAllocationsData(allocations.data(), allocations.size());

             DestroyAllAllocations(allocations);
         }

         // # Test 3
         // Buffers of variable size.
         // Create a number of buffers. Remove some percent of them.
         // Defragment while having some percent of them unmovable.
         // Expected result: Just simple validation.
         {
             for(size_t i = 0; i < 100; ++i)
             {
                 VkBufferCreateInfo localBufCreateInfo = bufCreateInfo;
                 localBufCreateInfo.size = RandomBufSize();

                 AllocInfo allocInfo;
                 CreateBuffer(pool, bufCreateInfo, persistentlyMapped, allocInfo);
                 allocations.push_back(allocInfo);
             }

             const uint32_t percentToDelete = 60;
             const size_t numberToDelete = allocations.size() * percentToDelete / 100;
             for(size_t i = 0; i < numberToDelete; ++i)
             {
                 size_t indexToDelete = rand.Generate() % (uint32_t)allocations.size();
                 DestroyAllocation(allocations[indexToDelete]);
                 allocations.erase(allocations.begin() + indexToDelete);
             }

             // Non-movable allocations will be at the beginning of allocations array.
             const uint32_t percentNonMovable = 20;
             const size_t numberNonMovable = allocations.size() * percentNonMovable / 100;
             for(size_t i = 0; i < numberNonMovable; ++i)
             {
                 size_t indexNonMovable = i + rand.Generate() % (uint32_t)(allocations.size() - i);
                 if(indexNonMovable != i)
                     std::swap(allocations[i], allocations[indexNonMovable]);
             }

             VmaDefragmentationStats defragStats;
             Defragment(
                 allocations.data() + numberNonMovable,
                 allocations.size() - numberNonMovable,
                 nullptr, &defragStats);

             ValidateAllocationsData(allocations.data(), allocations.size());

             DestroyAllAllocations(allocations);
         }
     }

     /*
     Allocation that must be move to an overlapping place using memmove().
     Create 2 buffers, second slightly bigger than the first. Delete first. Then defragment.
     */
     if(VMA_DEBUG_MARGIN == 0) // FAST algorithm works only when DEBUG_MARGIN disabled.
     {
         AllocInfo allocInfo[2];

         bufCreateInfo.size = BUF_SIZE;
         CreateBuffer(pool, bufCreateInfo, false, allocInfo[0]);
         const VkDeviceSize biggerBufSize = BUF_SIZE + BUF_SIZE / 256;
         bufCreateInfo.size = biggerBufSize;
         CreateBuffer(pool, bufCreateInfo, false, allocInfo[1]);

         DestroyAllocation(allocInfo[0]);

         VmaDefragmentationStats defragStats;
         Defragment(&allocInfo[1], 1, nullptr, &defragStats);
         // If this fails, it means we couldn't do memmove with overlapping regions.
         TEST(defragStats.allocationsMoved == 1 && defragStats.bytesMoved > 0);

         ValidateAllocationsData(&allocInfo[1], 1);
         DestroyAllocation(allocInfo[1]);
     }

     vmaDestroyPool(g_hAllocator, pool);
 }

 void TestDefragmentationWholePool()
 {
     wprintf(L"Test defragmentation whole pool\n");

     RandomNumberGenerator rand(668);

     const VkDeviceSize BUF_SIZE = 0x10000;
     const VkDeviceSize BLOCK_SIZE = BUF_SIZE * 8;

     VkBufferCreateInfo bufCreateInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO };
     bufCreateInfo.size = BUF_SIZE;
     bufCreateInfo.usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT;

     VmaAllocationCreateInfo exampleAllocCreateInfo = {};
     exampleAllocCreateInfo.usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_CPU_ONLY;

     uint32_t memTypeIndex = UINT32_MAX;
     vmaFindMemoryTypeIndexForBufferInfo(g_hAllocator, &bufCreateInfo, &exampleAllocCreateInfo, &memTypeIndex);

     VmaPoolCreateInfo poolCreateInfo = {};
     poolCreateInfo.blockSize = BLOCK_SIZE;
     poolCreateInfo.memoryTypeIndex = memTypeIndex;

     VmaDefragmentationStats defragStats[2];
     for(size_t caseIndex = 0; caseIndex < 2; ++caseIndex)
     {
         VmaPool pool;
         ERR_GUARD_VULKAN( vmaCreatePool(g_hAllocator, &poolCreateInfo, &pool) );

         std::vector<AllocInfo> allocations;

         // Buffers of fixed size.
         // Fill 2 blocks. Remove odd buffers. Defragment all of them.
         for(size_t i = 0; i < BLOCK_SIZE / BUF_SIZE * 2; ++i)
         {
             AllocInfo allocInfo;
             CreateBuffer(pool, bufCreateInfo, false, allocInfo);
             allocations.push_back(allocInfo);
         }

         for(size_t i = 1; i < allocations.size(); ++i)
         {
             DestroyAllocation(allocations[i]);
             allocations.erase(allocations.begin() + i);
         }

         VmaDefragmentationInfo2 defragInfo = {};
         defragInfo.maxCpuAllocationsToMove = UINT32_MAX;
         defragInfo.maxCpuBytesToMove = VK_WHOLE_SIZE;
         std::vector<VmaAllocation> allocationsToDefrag;
         if(caseIndex == 0)
         {
             defragInfo.poolCount = 1;
             defragInfo.pPools = &pool;
         }
         else
         {
             const size_t allocCount = allocations.size();
             allocationsToDefrag.resize(allocCount);
             std::transform(
                 allocations.begin(), allocations.end(),
                 allocationsToDefrag.begin(),
                 [](const AllocInfo& allocInfo) { return allocInfo.m_Allocation; });
             defragInfo.allocationCount = (uint32_t)allocCount;
             defragInfo.pAllocations = allocationsToDefrag.data();
         }

         VmaDefragmentationContext defragCtx = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
         VkResult res = vmaDefragmentationBegin(g_hAllocator, &defragInfo, &defragStats[caseIndex], &defragCtx);
         TEST(res >= VK_SUCCESS);
         vmaDefragmentationEnd(g_hAllocator, defragCtx);

         TEST(defragStats[caseIndex].allocationsMoved > 0 && defragStats[caseIndex].bytesMoved > 0);

         ValidateAllocationsData(allocations.data(), allocations.size());

         DestroyAllAllocations(allocations);

         vmaDestroyPool(g_hAllocator, pool);
     }

     TEST(defragStats[0].bytesMoved == defragStats[1].bytesMoved);
     TEST(defragStats[0].allocationsMoved == defragStats[1].allocationsMoved);
     TEST(defragStats[0].bytesFreed == defragStats[1].bytesFreed);
     TEST(defragStats[0].deviceMemoryBlocksFreed == defragStats[1].deviceMemoryBlocksFreed);
 }

 void TestDefragmentationFull()
 {
     std::vector<AllocInfo> allocations;

     // Create initial allocations.
     for(size_t i = 0; i < 400; ++i)
     {
         AllocInfo allocation;
         CreateAllocation(allocation);
         allocations.push_back(allocation);
     }

     // Delete random allocations
     const size_t allocationsToDeletePercent = 80;
     size_t allocationsToDelete = allocations.size() * allocationsToDeletePercent / 100;
     for(size_t i = 0; i < allocationsToDelete; ++i)
     {
         size_t index = (size_t)rand() % allocations.size();
         DestroyAllocation(allocations[index]);
         allocations.erase(allocations.begin() + index);
     }

     for(size_t i = 0; i < allocations.size(); ++i)
         ValidateAllocationData(allocations[i]);

     //SaveAllocatorStatsToFile(L"Before.csv");

     {
         std::vector<VmaAllocation> vmaAllocations(allocations.size());
         for(size_t i = 0; i < allocations.size(); ++i)
             vmaAllocations[i] = allocations[i].m_Allocation;

         const size_t nonMovablePercent = 0;
         size_t nonMovableCount = vmaAllocations.size() * nonMovablePercent / 100;
         for(size_t i = 0; i < nonMovableCount; ++i)
         {
             size_t index = (size_t)rand() % vmaAllocations.size();
             vmaAllocations.erase(vmaAllocations.begin() + index);
         }

         const uint32_t defragCount = 1;
         for(uint32_t defragIndex = 0; defragIndex < defragCount; ++defragIndex)
         {
             std::vector<VkBool32> allocationsChanged(vmaAllocations.size());

             VmaDefragmentationInfo defragmentationInfo;
             defragmentationInfo.maxAllocationsToMove = UINT_MAX;
             defragmentationInfo.maxBytesToMove = SIZE_MAX;

             wprintf(L"Defragmentation #%u\n", defragIndex);

             time_point begTime = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();

             VmaDefragmentationStats stats;
             VkResult res = vmaDefragment(g_hAllocator, vmaAllocations.data(), vmaAllocations.size(), allocationsChanged.data(), &defragmentationInfo, &stats);
             TEST(res >= 0);

             float defragmentDuration = ToFloatSeconds(std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now() - begTime);

             wprintf(L"Moved allocations %u, bytes %llu\n", stats.allocationsMoved, stats.bytesMoved);
             wprintf(L"Freed blocks %u, bytes %llu\n", stats.deviceMemoryBlocksFreed, stats.bytesFreed);
             wprintf(L"Time: %.2f s\n", defragmentDuration);

             for(size_t i = 0; i < vmaAllocations.size(); ++i)
             {
                 if(allocationsChanged[i])
                 {
                     RecreateAllocationResource(allocations[i]);
                 }
             }

             for(size_t i = 0; i < allocations.size(); ++i)
                 ValidateAllocationData(allocations[i]);

             //wchar_t fileName[MAX_PATH];
             //swprintf(fileName, MAX_PATH, L"After_%02u.csv", defragIndex);
             //SaveAllocatorStatsToFile(fileName);
         }
     }

     // Destroy all remaining allocations.
     DestroyAllAllocations(allocations);
 }

 static void TestDefragmentationGpu()
 {
     wprintf(L"Test defragmentation GPU\n");
     g_MemoryAliasingWarningEnabled = false;

     std::vector<AllocInfo> allocations;

     // Create that many allocations to surely fill 3 new blocks of 256 MB.
     const VkDeviceSize bufSizeMin = 5ull * 1024 * 1024;
     const VkDeviceSize bufSizeMax = 10ull * 1024 * 1024;
     const VkDeviceSize totalSize = 3ull * 256 * 1024 * 1024;
     const size_t bufCount = (size_t)(totalSize / bufSizeMin);
     const size_t percentToLeave = 30;
     const size_t percentNonMovable = 3;
     RandomNumberGenerator rand = { 234522 };

     VkBufferCreateInfo bufCreateInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO };

     VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocCreateInfo = {};
     allocCreateInfo.usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_GPU_ONLY;
     allocCreateInfo.flags = 0;

     // Create all intended buffers.
     for(size_t i = 0; i < bufCount; ++i)
     {
         bufCreateInfo.size = align_up(rand.Generate() % (bufSizeMax - bufSizeMin) + bufSizeMin, 32ull);

         if(rand.Generate() % 100 < percentNonMovable)
         {
             bufCreateInfo.usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_VERTEX_BUFFER_BIT |
                 VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT |
                 VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT;
             allocCreateInfo.pUserData = (void*)(uintptr_t)2;
         }
         else
         {
             // Different usage just to see different color in output from VmaDumpVis.
             bufCreateInfo.usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BIT |
                 VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT |
                 VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT;
             // And in JSON dump.
             allocCreateInfo.pUserData = (void*)(uintptr_t)1;
         }

         AllocInfo alloc;
         alloc.CreateBuffer(bufCreateInfo, allocCreateInfo);
         alloc.m_StartValue = rand.Generate();
         allocations.push_back(alloc);
     }

     // Destroy some percentage of them.
     {
         const size_t buffersToDestroy = round_div<size_t>(bufCount * (100 - percentToLeave), 100);
         for(size_t i = 0; i < buffersToDestroy; ++i)
         {
             const size_t index = rand.Generate() % allocations.size();
             allocations[index].Destroy();
             allocations.erase(allocations.begin() + index);
         }
     }

     // Fill them with meaningful data.
     UploadGpuData(allocations.data(), allocations.size());

     wchar_t fileName[MAX_PATH];
     swprintf_s(fileName, L"GPU_defragmentation_A_before.json");
     SaveAllocatorStatsToFile(fileName);

     // Defragment using GPU only.
     {
         const size_t allocCount = allocations.size();

         std::vector<VmaAllocation> allocationPtrs;
         std::vector<VkBool32> allocationChanged;
         std::vector<size_t> allocationOriginalIndex;

         for(size_t i = 0; i < allocCount; ++i)
         {
             VmaAllocationInfo allocInfo = {};
             vmaGetAllocationInfo(g_hAllocator, allocations[i].m_Allocation, &allocInfo);
             if((uintptr_t)allocInfo.pUserData == 1) // Movable
             {
                 allocationPtrs.push_back(allocations[i].m_Allocation);
                 allocationChanged.push_back(VK_FALSE);
                 allocationOriginalIndex.push_back(i);
             }
         }

         const size_t movableAllocCount = allocationPtrs.size();

         BeginSingleTimeCommands();

         VmaDefragmentationInfo2 defragInfo = {};
         defragInfo.flags = 0;
         defragInfo.allocationCount = (uint32_t)movableAllocCount;
         defragInfo.pAllocations = allocationPtrs.data();
         defragInfo.pAllocationsChanged = allocationChanged.data();
         defragInfo.maxGpuBytesToMove = VK_WHOLE_SIZE;
         defragInfo.maxGpuAllocationsToMove = UINT32_MAX;
         defragInfo.commandBuffer = g_hTemporaryCommandBuffer;

         VmaDefragmentationStats stats = {};
         VmaDefragmentationContext ctx = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
         VkResult res = vmaDefragmentationBegin(g_hAllocator, &defragInfo, &stats, &ctx);
         TEST(res >= VK_SUCCESS);

         EndSingleTimeCommands();

         vmaDefragmentationEnd(g_hAllocator, ctx);

         for(size_t i = 0; i < movableAllocCount; ++i)
         {
             if(allocationChanged[i])
             {
                 const size_t origAllocIndex = allocationOriginalIndex[i];
                 RecreateAllocationResource(allocations[origAllocIndex]);
             }
         }

         // If corruption detection is enabled, GPU defragmentation may not work on
         // memory types that have this detection active, e.g. on Intel.
         #if !defined(VMA_DEBUG_DETECT_CORRUPTION) || VMA_DEBUG_DETECT_CORRUPTION == 0
             TEST(stats.allocationsMoved > 0 && stats.bytesMoved > 0);
             TEST(stats.deviceMemoryBlocksFreed > 0 && stats.bytesFreed > 0);
         #endif
     }

     ValidateGpuData(allocations.data(), allocations.size());

     swprintf_s(fileName, L"GPU_defragmentation_B_after.json");
     SaveAllocatorStatsToFile(fileName);

     // Destroy all remaining buffers.
     for(size_t i = allocations.size(); i--; )
     {
         allocations[i].Destroy();
     }

     g_MemoryAliasingWarningEnabled = true;
 }

 static void TestUserData()
 {
     VkResult res;

     VkBufferCreateInfo bufCreateInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO };
     bufCreateInfo.usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_INDEX_BUFFER_BIT;
     bufCreateInfo.size = 0x10000;

     for(uint32_t testIndex = 0; testIndex < 2; ++testIndex)
     {
         // Opaque pointer
         {

             void* numberAsPointer = (void*)(size_t)0xC2501FF3u;
             void* pointerToSomething = &res;

             VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocCreateInfo = {};
             allocCreateInfo.usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_CPU_ONLY;
             allocCreateInfo.pUserData = numberAsPointer;
             if(testIndex == 1)
                 allocCreateInfo.flags |= VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_DEDICATED_MEMORY_BIT;

             VkBuffer buf; VmaAllocation alloc; VmaAllocationInfo allocInfo;
             res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo, &buf, &alloc, &allocInfo);
             TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
             TEST(allocInfo.pUserData = numberAsPointer);

             vmaGetAllocationInfo(g_hAllocator, alloc, &allocInfo);
             TEST(allocInfo.pUserData == numberAsPointer);

             vmaSetAllocationUserData(g_hAllocator, alloc, pointerToSomething);
             vmaGetAllocationInfo(g_hAllocator, alloc, &allocInfo);
             TEST(allocInfo.pUserData == pointerToSomething);

             vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, buf, alloc);
         }

         // String
         {
             const char* name1 = "Buffer name \\\"\'<>&% \nSecond line .,;=";
             const char* name2 = "2";
             const size_t name1Len = strlen(name1);

             char* name1Buf = new char[name1Len + 1];
             strcpy_s(name1Buf, name1Len + 1, name1);

             VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocCreateInfo = {};
             allocCreateInfo.usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_CPU_ONLY;
             allocCreateInfo.flags = VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_USER_DATA_COPY_STRING_BIT;
             allocCreateInfo.pUserData = name1Buf;
             if(testIndex == 1)
                 allocCreateInfo.flags |= VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_DEDICATED_MEMORY_BIT;

             VkBuffer buf; VmaAllocation alloc; VmaAllocationInfo allocInfo;
             res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo, &buf, &alloc, &allocInfo);
             TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
             TEST(allocInfo.pUserData != nullptr && allocInfo.pUserData != name1Buf);
             TEST(strcmp(name1, (const char*)allocInfo.pUserData) == 0);

             delete[] name1Buf;

             vmaGetAllocationInfo(g_hAllocator, alloc, &allocInfo);
             TEST(strcmp(name1, (const char*)allocInfo.pUserData) == 0);

             vmaSetAllocationUserData(g_hAllocator, alloc, (void*)name2);
             vmaGetAllocationInfo(g_hAllocator, alloc, &allocInfo);
             TEST(strcmp(name2, (const char*)allocInfo.pUserData) == 0);

             vmaSetAllocationUserData(g_hAllocator, alloc, nullptr);
             vmaGetAllocationInfo(g_hAllocator, alloc, &allocInfo);
             TEST(allocInfo.pUserData == nullptr);

             vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, buf, alloc);
         }
     }
 }

 static void TestInvalidAllocations()
 {
     VkResult res;

     VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocCreateInfo = {};
     allocCreateInfo.usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_CPU_ONLY;

     // Try to allocate 0 bytes.
     {
         VkMemoryRequirements memReq = {};
         memReq.size = 0; // !!!
         memReq.alignment = 4;
         memReq.memoryTypeBits = UINT32_MAX;
         VmaAllocation alloc = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
         res = vmaAllocateMemory(g_hAllocator, &memReq, &allocCreateInfo, &alloc, nullptr);
         TEST(res == VK_ERROR_VALIDATION_FAILED_EXT && alloc == VK_NULL_HANDLE);
     }

     // Try to create buffer with size = 0.
     {
         VkBufferCreateInfo bufCreateInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO };
         bufCreateInfo.usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT;
         bufCreateInfo.size = 0; // !!!
         VkBuffer buf = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
         VmaAllocation alloc = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
         res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo, &buf, &alloc, nullptr);
         TEST(res == VK_ERROR_VALIDATION_FAILED_EXT && buf == VK_NULL_HANDLE && alloc == VK_NULL_HANDLE);
     }

     // Try to create image with one dimension = 0.
     {
         VkImageCreateInfo imageCreateInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO };
         imageCreateInfo.imageType = VK_IMAGE_TYPE_2D;
         imageCreateInfo.format = VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_UNORM;
         imageCreateInfo.extent.width = 128;
         imageCreateInfo.extent.height = 0; // !!!
         imageCreateInfo.extent.depth = 1;
         imageCreateInfo.mipLevels = 1;
         imageCreateInfo.arrayLayers = 1;
         imageCreateInfo.samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
         imageCreateInfo.tiling = VK_IMAGE_TILING_LINEAR;
         imageCreateInfo.usage = VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT;
         imageCreateInfo.initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_PREINITIALIZED;
         VkImage image = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
         VmaAllocation alloc = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
         res = vmaCreateImage(g_hAllocator, &imageCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo, &image, &alloc, nullptr);
         TEST(res == VK_ERROR_VALIDATION_FAILED_EXT && image == VK_NULL_HANDLE && alloc == VK_NULL_HANDLE);
     }
 }

 static void TestMemoryRequirements()
 {
     VkResult res;
     VkBuffer buf;
     VmaAllocation alloc;
     VmaAllocationInfo allocInfo;

     const VkPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties* memProps;
     vmaGetMemoryProperties(g_hAllocator, &memProps);

     VkBufferCreateInfo bufInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO };
     bufInfo.usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT;
     bufInfo.size = 128;

     VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocCreateInfo = {};

     // No requirements.
     res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufInfo, &allocCreateInfo, &buf, &alloc, &allocInfo);
     TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
     vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, buf, alloc);

     // Usage.
     allocCreateInfo.usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_CPU_ONLY;
     allocCreateInfo.requiredFlags = 0;
     allocCreateInfo.preferredFlags = 0;
     allocCreateInfo.memoryTypeBits = UINT32_MAX;

     res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufInfo, &allocCreateInfo, &buf, &alloc, &allocInfo);
     TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
     TEST(memProps->memoryTypes[allocInfo.memoryType].propertyFlags & VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT);
     vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, buf, alloc);

     // Required flags, preferred flags.
     allocCreateInfo.usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_UNKNOWN;
     allocCreateInfo.requiredFlags = VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT;
     allocCreateInfo.preferredFlags = VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_CACHED_BIT;
     allocCreateInfo.memoryTypeBits = 0;

     res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufInfo, &allocCreateInfo, &buf, &alloc, &allocInfo);
     TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
     TEST(memProps->memoryTypes[allocInfo.memoryType].propertyFlags & VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT);
     TEST(memProps->memoryTypes[allocInfo.memoryType].propertyFlags & VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT);
     vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, buf, alloc);

     // memoryTypeBits.
     const uint32_t memType = allocInfo.memoryType;
     allocCreateInfo.usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_CPU_ONLY;
     allocCreateInfo.requiredFlags = 0;
     allocCreateInfo.preferredFlags = 0;
     allocCreateInfo.memoryTypeBits = 1u << memType;

     res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufInfo, &allocCreateInfo, &buf, &alloc, &allocInfo);
     TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
     TEST(allocInfo.memoryType == memType);
     vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, buf, alloc);

 }

 static void TestBasics()
 {
     VkResult res;

     TestMemoryRequirements();

     // Lost allocation
     {
         VmaAllocation alloc = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
         vmaCreateLostAllocation(g_hAllocator, &alloc);
         TEST(alloc != VK_NULL_HANDLE);

         VmaAllocationInfo allocInfo;
         vmaGetAllocationInfo(g_hAllocator, alloc, &allocInfo);
         TEST(allocInfo.deviceMemory == VK_NULL_HANDLE);
         TEST(allocInfo.size == 0);

         vmaFreeMemory(g_hAllocator, alloc);
     }

     // Allocation that is MAPPED and not necessarily HOST_VISIBLE.
     {
         VkBufferCreateInfo bufCreateInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO };
         bufCreateInfo.usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_INDEX_BUFFER_BIT;
         bufCreateInfo.size = 128;

         VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocCreateInfo = {};
         allocCreateInfo.usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_GPU_ONLY;
         allocCreateInfo.flags = VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_MAPPED_BIT;

         VkBuffer buf; VmaAllocation alloc; VmaAllocationInfo allocInfo;
         res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo, &buf, &alloc, &allocInfo);
         TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);

         vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, buf, alloc);

         // Same with OWN_MEMORY.
         allocCreateInfo.flags |= VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_DEDICATED_MEMORY_BIT;

         res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo, &buf, &alloc, &allocInfo);
         TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);

         vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, buf, alloc);
     }

     TestUserData();

     TestInvalidAllocations();
 }

 void TestHeapSizeLimit()
 {
     const VkDeviceSize HEAP_SIZE_LIMIT = 1ull * 1024 * 1024 * 1024; // 1 GB
     const VkDeviceSize BLOCK_SIZE      = 128ull * 1024 * 1024;      // 128 MB

     VkDeviceSize heapSizeLimit[VK_MAX_MEMORY_HEAPS];
     for(uint32_t i = 0; i < VK_MAX_MEMORY_HEAPS; ++i)
     {
         heapSizeLimit[i] = HEAP_SIZE_LIMIT;
     }

     VmaAllocatorCreateInfo allocatorCreateInfo = {};
     allocatorCreateInfo.physicalDevice = g_hPhysicalDevice;
     allocatorCreateInfo.device = g_hDevice;
     allocatorCreateInfo.pHeapSizeLimit = heapSizeLimit;

     VmaAllocator hAllocator;
     VkResult res = vmaCreateAllocator(&allocatorCreateInfo, &hAllocator);
     TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);

     struct Item
     {
         VkBuffer hBuf;
         VmaAllocation hAlloc;
     };
     std::vector<Item> items;

     VkBufferCreateInfo bufCreateInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO };
     bufCreateInfo.usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_VERTEX_BUFFER_BIT;

     // 1. Allocate two blocks of Own Memory, half the size of BLOCK_SIZE.
     VmaAllocationInfo ownAllocInfo;
     {
         VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocCreateInfo = {};
         allocCreateInfo.usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_GPU_ONLY;
         allocCreateInfo.flags = VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_DEDICATED_MEMORY_BIT;

         bufCreateInfo.size = BLOCK_SIZE / 2;

         for(size_t i = 0; i < 2; ++i)
         {
             Item item;
             res = vmaCreateBuffer(hAllocator, &bufCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo, &item.hBuf, &item.hAlloc, &ownAllocInfo);
             TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
             items.push_back(item);
         }
     }

     // Create pool to make sure allocations must be out of this memory type.
     VmaPoolCreateInfo poolCreateInfo = {};
     poolCreateInfo.memoryTypeIndex = ownAllocInfo.memoryType;
     poolCreateInfo.blockSize = BLOCK_SIZE;

     VmaPool hPool;
     res = vmaCreatePool(hAllocator, &poolCreateInfo, &hPool);
     TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);

     // 2. Allocate normal buffers from all the remaining memory.
     {
         VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocCreateInfo = {};
         allocCreateInfo.pool = hPool;

         bufCreateInfo.size = BLOCK_SIZE / 2;

         const size_t bufCount = ((HEAP_SIZE_LIMIT / BLOCK_SIZE) - 1) * 2;
         for(size_t i = 0; i < bufCount; ++i)
         {
             Item item;
             res = vmaCreateBuffer(hAllocator, &bufCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo, &item.hBuf, &item.hAlloc, nullptr);
             TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
             items.push_back(item);
         }
     }

     // 3. Allocation of one more (even small) buffer should fail.
     {
         VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocCreateInfo = {};
         allocCreateInfo.pool = hPool;

         bufCreateInfo.size = 128;

         VkBuffer hBuf;
         VmaAllocation hAlloc;
         res = vmaCreateBuffer(hAllocator, &bufCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo, &hBuf, &hAlloc, nullptr);
         TEST(res == VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DEVICE_MEMORY);
     }

     // Destroy everything.
     for(size_t i = items.size(); i--; )
     {
         vmaDestroyBuffer(hAllocator, items[i].hBuf, items[i].hAlloc);
     }

     vmaDestroyPool(hAllocator, hPool);

     vmaDestroyAllocator(hAllocator);
 }

 #if VMA_DEBUG_MARGIN
 static void TestDebugMargin()
 {
     if(VMA_DEBUG_MARGIN == 0)
     {
         return;
     }

     VkBufferCreateInfo bufInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO };
     bufInfo.usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT;

     VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocCreateInfo = {};
     allocCreateInfo.usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_CPU_ONLY;

     // Create few buffers of different size.
     const size_t BUF_COUNT = 10;
     BufferInfo buffers[BUF_COUNT];
     VmaAllocationInfo allocInfo[BUF_COUNT];
     for(size_t i = 0; i < 10; ++i)
     {
         bufInfo.size = (VkDeviceSize)(i + 1) * 64;
         // Last one will be mapped.
         allocCreateInfo.flags = (i == BUF_COUNT - 1) ? VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_MAPPED_BIT : 0;

         VkResult res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufInfo, &allocCreateInfo, &buffers[i].Buffer, &buffers[i].Allocation, &allocInfo[i]);
         TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
         // Margin is preserved also at the beginning of a block.
         TEST(allocInfo[i].offset >= VMA_DEBUG_MARGIN);

         if(i == BUF_COUNT - 1)
         {
             // Fill with data.
             TEST(allocInfo[i].pMappedData != nullptr);
             // Uncomment this "+ 1" to overwrite past end of allocation and check corruption detection.
             memset(allocInfo[i].pMappedData, 0xFF, bufInfo.size /* + 1 */);
         }
     }

     // Check if their offsets preserve margin between them.
     std::sort(allocInfo, allocInfo + BUF_COUNT, [](const VmaAllocationInfo& lhs, const VmaAllocationInfo& rhs) -> bool
     {
         if(lhs.deviceMemory != rhs.deviceMemory)
         {
             return lhs.deviceMemory < rhs.deviceMemory;
         }
         return lhs.offset < rhs.offset;
     });
     for(size_t i = 1; i < BUF_COUNT; ++i)
     {
         if(allocInfo[i].deviceMemory == allocInfo[i - 1].deviceMemory)
         {
             TEST(allocInfo[i].offset >= allocInfo[i - 1].offset + VMA_DEBUG_MARGIN);
         }
     }

     VkResult res = vmaCheckCorruption(g_hAllocator, UINT32_MAX);
     TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);

     // Destroy all buffers.
     for(size_t i = BUF_COUNT; i--; )
     {
         vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, buffers[i].Buffer, buffers[i].Allocation);
     }
 }
 #endif

 static void TestLinearAllocator()
 {
     wprintf(L"Test linear allocator\n");

     RandomNumberGenerator rand{645332};

     VkBufferCreateInfo sampleBufCreateInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO };
     sampleBufCreateInfo.size = 1024; // Whatever.
     sampleBufCreateInfo.usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_VERTEX_BUFFER_BIT;

     VmaAllocationCreateInfo sampleAllocCreateInfo = {};
     sampleAllocCreateInfo.usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_GPU_ONLY;

     VmaPoolCreateInfo poolCreateInfo = {};
     VkResult res = vmaFindMemoryTypeIndexForBufferInfo(g_hAllocator, &sampleBufCreateInfo, &sampleAllocCreateInfo, &poolCreateInfo.memoryTypeIndex);
     TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);

     poolCreateInfo.blockSize = 1024 * 300;
     poolCreateInfo.flags = VMA_POOL_CREATE_LINEAR_ALGORITHM_BIT;
     poolCreateInfo.minBlockCount = poolCreateInfo.maxBlockCount = 1;

     VmaPool pool = nullptr;
     res = vmaCreatePool(g_hAllocator, &poolCreateInfo, &pool);
     TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);

     VkBufferCreateInfo bufCreateInfo = sampleBufCreateInfo;

     VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocCreateInfo = {};
     allocCreateInfo.pool = pool;

     constexpr size_t maxBufCount = 100;
     std::vector<BufferInfo> bufInfo;

     constexpr VkDeviceSize bufSizeMin = 16;
     constexpr VkDeviceSize bufSizeMax = 1024;
     VmaAllocationInfo allocInfo;
     VkDeviceSize prevOffset = 0;

     // Test one-time free.
     for(size_t i = 0; i < 2; ++i)
     {
         // Allocate number of buffers of varying size that surely fit into this block.
         VkDeviceSize bufSumSize = 0;
         for(size_t i = 0; i < maxBufCount; ++i)
         {
 			bufCreateInfo.size = align_up<VkDeviceSize>(bufSizeMin + rand.Generate() % (bufSizeMax - bufSizeMin), 16);
             BufferInfo newBufInfo;
             res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo,
                 &newBufInfo.Buffer, &newBufInfo.Allocation, &allocInfo);
             TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
             TEST(i == 0 || allocInfo.offset > prevOffset);
             bufInfo.push_back(newBufInfo);
             prevOffset = allocInfo.offset;
             bufSumSize += bufCreateInfo.size;
         }

         // Validate pool stats.
         VmaPoolStats stats;
         vmaGetPoolStats(g_hAllocator, pool, &stats);
         TEST(stats.size == poolCreateInfo.blockSize);
         TEST(stats.unusedSize = poolCreateInfo.blockSize - bufSumSize);
         TEST(stats.allocationCount == bufInfo.size());

         // Destroy the buffers in random order.
         while(!bufInfo.empty())
         {
             const size_t indexToDestroy = rand.Generate() % bufInfo.size();
             const BufferInfo& currBufInfo = bufInfo[indexToDestroy];
             vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, currBufInfo.Buffer, currBufInfo.Allocation);
             bufInfo.erase(bufInfo.begin() + indexToDestroy);
         }
     }

     // Test stack.
     {
         // Allocate number of buffers of varying size that surely fit into this block.
         for(size_t i = 0; i < maxBufCount; ++i)
         {
             bufCreateInfo.size = align_up<VkDeviceSize>(bufSizeMin + rand.Generate() % (bufSizeMax - bufSizeMin), 16);
             BufferInfo newBufInfo;
             res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo,
                 &newBufInfo.Buffer, &newBufInfo.Allocation, &allocInfo);
             TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
             TEST(i == 0 || allocInfo.offset > prevOffset);
             bufInfo.push_back(newBufInfo);
             prevOffset = allocInfo.offset;
         }

         // Destroy few buffers from top of the stack.
         for(size_t i = 0; i < maxBufCount / 5; ++i)
         {
             const BufferInfo& currBufInfo = bufInfo.back();
             vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, currBufInfo.Buffer, currBufInfo.Allocation);
             bufInfo.pop_back();
         }

         // Create some more
         for(size_t i = 0; i < maxBufCount / 5; ++i)
         {
             bufCreateInfo.size = align_up<VkDeviceSize>(bufSizeMin + rand.Generate() % (bufSizeMax - bufSizeMin), 16);
             BufferInfo newBufInfo;
             res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo,
                 &newBufInfo.Buffer, &newBufInfo.Allocation, &allocInfo);
             TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
             TEST(i == 0 || allocInfo.offset > prevOffset);
             bufInfo.push_back(newBufInfo);
             prevOffset = allocInfo.offset;
         }

         // Destroy the buffers in reverse order.
         while(!bufInfo.empty())
         {
             const BufferInfo& currBufInfo = bufInfo.back();
             vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, currBufInfo.Buffer, currBufInfo.Allocation);
             bufInfo.pop_back();
         }
     }

     // Test ring buffer.
     {
         // Allocate number of buffers that surely fit into this block.
         bufCreateInfo.size = bufSizeMax;
         for(size_t i = 0; i < maxBufCount; ++i)
         {
             BufferInfo newBufInfo;
             res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo,
                 &newBufInfo.Buffer, &newBufInfo.Allocation, &allocInfo);
             TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
             TEST(i == 0 || allocInfo.offset > prevOffset);
             bufInfo.push_back(newBufInfo);
             prevOffset = allocInfo.offset;
         }

         // Free and allocate new buffers so many times that we make sure we wrap-around at least once.
         const size_t buffersPerIter = maxBufCount / 10 - 1;
         const size_t iterCount = poolCreateInfo.blockSize / bufCreateInfo.size / buffersPerIter * 2;
         for(size_t iter = 0; iter < iterCount; ++iter)
         {
             for(size_t bufPerIter = 0; bufPerIter < buffersPerIter; ++bufPerIter)
             {
                 const BufferInfo& currBufInfo = bufInfo.front();
                 vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, currBufInfo.Buffer, currBufInfo.Allocation);
                 bufInfo.erase(bufInfo.begin());
             }
             for(size_t bufPerIter = 0; bufPerIter < buffersPerIter; ++bufPerIter)
             {
                 BufferInfo newBufInfo;
                 res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo,
                     &newBufInfo.Buffer, &newBufInfo.Allocation, &allocInfo);
                 TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
                 bufInfo.push_back(newBufInfo);
             }
         }

         // Allocate buffers until we reach out-of-memory.
         uint32_t debugIndex = 0;
         while(res == VK_SUCCESS)
         {
             BufferInfo newBufInfo;
             res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo,
                 &newBufInfo.Buffer, &newBufInfo.Allocation, &allocInfo);
             if(res == VK_SUCCESS)
             {
                 bufInfo.push_back(newBufInfo);
             }
             else
             {
                 TEST(res == VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DEVICE_MEMORY);
             }
             ++debugIndex;
         }

         // Destroy the buffers in random order.
         while(!bufInfo.empty())
         {
             const size_t indexToDestroy = rand.Generate() % bufInfo.size();
             const BufferInfo& currBufInfo = bufInfo[indexToDestroy];
             vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, currBufInfo.Buffer, currBufInfo.Allocation);
             bufInfo.erase(bufInfo.begin() + indexToDestroy);
         }
     }

     // Test double stack.
     {
         // Allocate number of buffers of varying size that surely fit into this block, alternate from bottom/top.
         VkDeviceSize prevOffsetLower = 0;
         VkDeviceSize prevOffsetUpper = poolCreateInfo.blockSize;
         for(size_t i = 0; i < maxBufCount; ++i)
         {
             const bool upperAddress = (i % 2) != 0;
             if(upperAddress)
                 allocCreateInfo.flags |= VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_UPPER_ADDRESS_BIT;
             else
                 allocCreateInfo.flags &= ~VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_UPPER_ADDRESS_BIT;
             bufCreateInfo.size = align_up<VkDeviceSize>(bufSizeMin + rand.Generate() % (bufSizeMax - bufSizeMin), 16);
             BufferInfo newBufInfo;
             res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo,
                 &newBufInfo.Buffer, &newBufInfo.Allocation, &allocInfo);
             TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
             if(upperAddress)
             {
                 TEST(allocInfo.offset < prevOffsetUpper);
                 prevOffsetUpper = allocInfo.offset;
             }
             else
             {
                 TEST(allocInfo.offset >= prevOffsetLower);
                 prevOffsetLower = allocInfo.offset;
             }
             TEST(prevOffsetLower < prevOffsetUpper);
             bufInfo.push_back(newBufInfo);
         }

         // Destroy few buffers from top of the stack.
         for(size_t i = 0; i < maxBufCount / 5; ++i)
         {
             const BufferInfo& currBufInfo = bufInfo.back();
             vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, currBufInfo.Buffer, currBufInfo.Allocation);
             bufInfo.pop_back();
         }

         // Create some more
         for(size_t i = 0; i < maxBufCount / 5; ++i)
         {
             const bool upperAddress = (i % 2) != 0;
             if(upperAddress)
                 allocCreateInfo.flags |= VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_UPPER_ADDRESS_BIT;
             else
                 allocCreateInfo.flags &= ~VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_UPPER_ADDRESS_BIT;
             bufCreateInfo.size = align_up<VkDeviceSize>(bufSizeMin + rand.Generate() % (bufSizeMax - bufSizeMin), 16);
             BufferInfo newBufInfo;
             res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo,
                 &newBufInfo.Buffer, &newBufInfo.Allocation, &allocInfo);
             TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
             bufInfo.push_back(newBufInfo);
         }

         // Destroy the buffers in reverse order.
         while(!bufInfo.empty())
         {
             const BufferInfo& currBufInfo = bufInfo.back();
             vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, currBufInfo.Buffer, currBufInfo.Allocation);
             bufInfo.pop_back();
         }

         // Create buffers on both sides until we reach out of memory.
         prevOffsetLower = 0;
         prevOffsetUpper = poolCreateInfo.blockSize;
         res = VK_SUCCESS;
         for(size_t i = 0; res == VK_SUCCESS; ++i)
         {
             const bool upperAddress = (i % 2) != 0;
             if(upperAddress)
                 allocCreateInfo.flags |= VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_UPPER_ADDRESS_BIT;
             else
                 allocCreateInfo.flags &= ~VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_UPPER_ADDRESS_BIT;
             bufCreateInfo.size = align_up<VkDeviceSize>(bufSizeMin + rand.Generate() % (bufSizeMax - bufSizeMin), 16);
             BufferInfo newBufInfo;
             res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo,
                 &newBufInfo.Buffer, &newBufInfo.Allocation, &allocInfo);
             if(res == VK_SUCCESS)
             {
                 if(upperAddress)
                 {
                     TEST(allocInfo.offset < prevOffsetUpper);
                     prevOffsetUpper = allocInfo.offset;
                 }
                 else
                 {
                     TEST(allocInfo.offset >= prevOffsetLower);
                     prevOffsetLower = allocInfo.offset;
                 }
                 TEST(prevOffsetLower < prevOffsetUpper);
                 bufInfo.push_back(newBufInfo);
             }
         }

         // Destroy the buffers in random order.
         while(!bufInfo.empty())
         {
             const size_t indexToDestroy = rand.Generate() % bufInfo.size();
             const BufferInfo& currBufInfo = bufInfo[indexToDestroy];
             vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, currBufInfo.Buffer, currBufInfo.Allocation);
             bufInfo.erase(bufInfo.begin() + indexToDestroy);
         }

         // Create buffers on upper side only, constant size, until we reach out of memory.
         prevOffsetUpper = poolCreateInfo.blockSize;
         res = VK_SUCCESS;
         allocCreateInfo.flags |= VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_UPPER_ADDRESS_BIT;
         bufCreateInfo.size = bufSizeMax;
         for(size_t i = 0; res == VK_SUCCESS; ++i)
         {
             BufferInfo newBufInfo;
             res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo,
                 &newBufInfo.Buffer, &newBufInfo.Allocation, &allocInfo);
             if(res == VK_SUCCESS)
             {
                 TEST(allocInfo.offset < prevOffsetUpper);
                 prevOffsetUpper = allocInfo.offset;
                 bufInfo.push_back(newBufInfo);
             }
         }

         // Destroy the buffers in reverse order.
         while(!bufInfo.empty())
         {
             const BufferInfo& currBufInfo = bufInfo.back();
             vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, currBufInfo.Buffer, currBufInfo.Allocation);
             bufInfo.pop_back();
         }
     }

     // Test ring buffer with lost allocations.
     {
         // Allocate number of buffers until pool is full.
         // Notice CAN_BECOME_LOST flag and call to vmaSetCurrentFrameIndex.
         allocCreateInfo.flags = VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_CAN_BECOME_LOST_BIT;
         res = VK_SUCCESS;
         for(size_t i = 0; res == VK_SUCCESS; ++i)
         {
             vmaSetCurrentFrameIndex(g_hAllocator, ++g_FrameIndex);

             bufCreateInfo.size = align_up<VkDeviceSize>(bufSizeMin + rand.Generate() % (bufSizeMax - bufSizeMin), 16);

             BufferInfo newBufInfo;
             res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo,
                 &newBufInfo.Buffer, &newBufInfo.Allocation, &allocInfo);
             if(res == VK_SUCCESS)
                 bufInfo.push_back(newBufInfo);
         }

         // Free first half of it.
         {
             const size_t buffersToDelete = bufInfo.size() / 2;
             for(size_t i = 0; i < buffersToDelete; ++i)
             {
                 vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, bufInfo[i].Buffer, bufInfo[i].Allocation);
             }
             bufInfo.erase(bufInfo.begin(), bufInfo.begin() + buffersToDelete);
         }

         // Allocate number of buffers until pool is full again.
         // This way we make sure ring buffers wraps around, front in in the middle.
         res = VK_SUCCESS;
         for(size_t i = 0; res == VK_SUCCESS; ++i)
         {
             vmaSetCurrentFrameIndex(g_hAllocator, ++g_FrameIndex);

             bufCreateInfo.size = align_up<VkDeviceSize>(bufSizeMin + rand.Generate() % (bufSizeMax - bufSizeMin), 16);

             BufferInfo newBufInfo;
             res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo,
                 &newBufInfo.Buffer, &newBufInfo.Allocation, &allocInfo);
             if(res == VK_SUCCESS)
                 bufInfo.push_back(newBufInfo);
         }

         VkDeviceSize firstNewOffset;
         {
             vmaSetCurrentFrameIndex(g_hAllocator, ++g_FrameIndex);

             // Allocate a large buffer with CAN_MAKE_OTHER_LOST.
             allocCreateInfo.flags = VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_CAN_MAKE_OTHER_LOST_BIT;
             bufCreateInfo.size = bufSizeMax;

             BufferInfo newBufInfo;
             res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo,
                 &newBufInfo.Buffer, &newBufInfo.Allocation, &allocInfo);
             TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
             bufInfo.push_back(newBufInfo);
             firstNewOffset = allocInfo.offset;

             // Make sure at least one buffer from the beginning became lost.
             vmaGetAllocationInfo(g_hAllocator, bufInfo[0].Allocation, &allocInfo);
             TEST(allocInfo.deviceMemory == VK_NULL_HANDLE);
         }

 #if 0 // TODO Fix and uncomment. Failing on Intel.
         // Allocate more buffers that CAN_MAKE_OTHER_LOST until we wrap-around with this.
         size_t newCount = 1;
         for(;;)
         {
             vmaSetCurrentFrameIndex(g_hAllocator, ++g_FrameIndex);

             bufCreateInfo.size = align_up<VkDeviceSize>(bufSizeMin + rand.Generate() % (bufSizeMax - bufSizeMin), 16);

             BufferInfo newBufInfo;
             res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo,
                 &newBufInfo.Buffer, &newBufInfo.Allocation, &allocInfo);

             TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
             bufInfo.push_back(newBufInfo);
             ++newCount;
             if(allocInfo.offset < firstNewOffset)
                 break;
         }
 #endif

         // Delete buffers that are lost.
         for(size_t i = bufInfo.size(); i--; )
         {
             vmaGetAllocationInfo(g_hAllocator, bufInfo[i].Allocation, &allocInfo);
             if(allocInfo.deviceMemory == VK_NULL_HANDLE)
             {
                 vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, bufInfo[i].Buffer, bufInfo[i].Allocation);
                 bufInfo.erase(bufInfo.begin() + i);
             }
         }

         // Test vmaMakePoolAllocationsLost
         {
             vmaSetCurrentFrameIndex(g_hAllocator, ++g_FrameIndex);

             size_t lostAllocCount = 0;
             vmaMakePoolAllocationsLost(g_hAllocator, pool, &lostAllocCount);
             TEST(lostAllocCount > 0);

             size_t realLostAllocCount = 0;
             for(size_t i = 0; i < bufInfo.size(); ++i)
             {
                 vmaGetAllocationInfo(g_hAllocator, bufInfo[i].Allocation, &allocInfo);
                 if(allocInfo.deviceMemory == VK_NULL_HANDLE)
                     ++realLostAllocCount;
             }
             TEST(realLostAllocCount == lostAllocCount);
         }

         // Destroy all the buffers in forward order.
         for(size_t i = 0; i < bufInfo.size(); ++i)
             vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, bufInfo[i].Buffer, bufInfo[i].Allocation);
         bufInfo.clear();
     }

     vmaDestroyPool(g_hAllocator, pool);
 }

 static void TestLinearAllocatorMultiBlock()
 {
     wprintf(L"Test linear allocator multi block\n");

     RandomNumberGenerator rand{345673};

     VkBufferCreateInfo sampleBufCreateInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO };
     sampleBufCreateInfo.size = 1024 * 1024;
     sampleBufCreateInfo.usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT;

     VmaAllocationCreateInfo sampleAllocCreateInfo = {};
     sampleAllocCreateInfo.usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_CPU_ONLY;

     VmaPoolCreateInfo poolCreateInfo = {};
     poolCreateInfo.flags = VMA_POOL_CREATE_LINEAR_ALGORITHM_BIT;
     VkResult res = vmaFindMemoryTypeIndexForBufferInfo(g_hAllocator, &sampleBufCreateInfo, &sampleAllocCreateInfo, &poolCreateInfo.memoryTypeIndex);
     TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);

     VmaPool pool = nullptr;
     res = vmaCreatePool(g_hAllocator, &poolCreateInfo, &pool);
     TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);

     VkBufferCreateInfo bufCreateInfo = sampleBufCreateInfo;

     VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocCreateInfo = {};
     allocCreateInfo.pool = pool;

     std::vector<BufferInfo> bufInfo;
     VmaAllocationInfo allocInfo;

     // Test one-time free.
     {
         // Allocate buffers until we move to a second block.
         VkDeviceMemory lastMem = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
         for(uint32_t i = 0; ; ++i)
         {
             BufferInfo newBufInfo;
             res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo,
                 &newBufInfo.Buffer, &newBufInfo.Allocation, &allocInfo);
             TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
             bufInfo.push_back(newBufInfo);
             if(lastMem && allocInfo.deviceMemory != lastMem)
             {
                 break;
             }
             lastMem = allocInfo.deviceMemory;
         }

         TEST(bufInfo.size() > 2);

         // Make sure that pool has now two blocks.
         VmaPoolStats poolStats = {};
         vmaGetPoolStats(g_hAllocator, pool, &poolStats);
         TEST(poolStats.blockCount == 2);

         // Destroy all the buffers in random order.
         while(!bufInfo.empty())
         {
             const size_t indexToDestroy = rand.Generate() % bufInfo.size();
             const BufferInfo& currBufInfo = bufInfo[indexToDestroy];
             vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, currBufInfo.Buffer, currBufInfo.Allocation);
             bufInfo.erase(bufInfo.begin() + indexToDestroy);
         }

         // Make sure that pool has now at most one block.
         vmaGetPoolStats(g_hAllocator, pool, &poolStats);
         TEST(poolStats.blockCount <= 1);
     }

     // Test stack.
     {
         // Allocate buffers until we move to a second block.
         VkDeviceMemory lastMem = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
         for(uint32_t i = 0; ; ++i)
         {
             BufferInfo newBufInfo;
             res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo,
                 &newBufInfo.Buffer, &newBufInfo.Allocation, &allocInfo);
             TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
             bufInfo.push_back(newBufInfo);
             if(lastMem && allocInfo.deviceMemory != lastMem)
             {
                 break;
             }
             lastMem = allocInfo.deviceMemory;
         }

         TEST(bufInfo.size() > 2);

         // Add few more buffers.
         for(uint32_t i = 0; i < 5; ++i)
         {
             BufferInfo newBufInfo;
             res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo,
                 &newBufInfo.Buffer, &newBufInfo.Allocation, &allocInfo);
             TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
             bufInfo.push_back(newBufInfo);
         }

         // Make sure that pool has now two blocks.
         VmaPoolStats poolStats = {};
         vmaGetPoolStats(g_hAllocator, pool, &poolStats);
         TEST(poolStats.blockCount == 2);

         // Delete half of buffers, LIFO.
         for(size_t i = 0, countToDelete = bufInfo.size() / 2; i < countToDelete; ++i)
         {
             const BufferInfo& currBufInfo = bufInfo.back();
             vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, currBufInfo.Buffer, currBufInfo.Allocation);
             bufInfo.pop_back();
         }

         // Add one more buffer.
         BufferInfo newBufInfo;
         res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo,
             &newBufInfo.Buffer, &newBufInfo.Allocation, &allocInfo);
         TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
         bufInfo.push_back(newBufInfo);

         // Make sure that pool has now one block.
         vmaGetPoolStats(g_hAllocator, pool, &poolStats);
         TEST(poolStats.blockCount == 1);

         // Delete all the remaining buffers, LIFO.
         while(!bufInfo.empty())
         {
             const BufferInfo& currBufInfo = bufInfo.back();
             vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, currBufInfo.Buffer, currBufInfo.Allocation);
             bufInfo.pop_back();
         }
     }

     vmaDestroyPool(g_hAllocator, pool);
 }

 static void ManuallyTestLinearAllocator()
 {
     VmaStats origStats;
     vmaCalculateStats(g_hAllocator, &origStats);

     wprintf(L"Manually test linear allocator\n");

     RandomNumberGenerator rand{645332};

     VkBufferCreateInfo sampleBufCreateInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO };
     sampleBufCreateInfo.size = 1024; // Whatever.
     sampleBufCreateInfo.usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_VERTEX_BUFFER_BIT;

     VmaAllocationCreateInfo sampleAllocCreateInfo = {};
     sampleAllocCreateInfo.usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_GPU_ONLY;

     VmaPoolCreateInfo poolCreateInfo = {};
     VkResult res = vmaFindMemoryTypeIndexForBufferInfo(g_hAllocator, &sampleBufCreateInfo, &sampleAllocCreateInfo, &poolCreateInfo.memoryTypeIndex);
     TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);

     poolCreateInfo.blockSize = 10 * 1024;
     poolCreateInfo.flags = VMA_POOL_CREATE_LINEAR_ALGORITHM_BIT;
     poolCreateInfo.minBlockCount = poolCreateInfo.maxBlockCount = 1;

     VmaPool pool = nullptr;
     res = vmaCreatePool(g_hAllocator, &poolCreateInfo, &pool);
     TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);

     VkBufferCreateInfo bufCreateInfo = sampleBufCreateInfo;

     VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocCreateInfo = {};
     allocCreateInfo.pool = pool;

     std::vector<BufferInfo> bufInfo;
     VmaAllocationInfo allocInfo;
     BufferInfo newBufInfo;

     // Test double stack.
     {
         /*
         Lower: Buffer 32 B, Buffer 1024 B, Buffer 32 B
         Upper: Buffer 16 B, Buffer 1024 B, Buffer 128 B

         Totally:
         1 block allocated
         10240 Vulkan bytes
         6 new allocations
         2256 bytes in allocations
         */

         bufCreateInfo.size = 32;
         res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo,
             &newBufInfo.Buffer, &newBufInfo.Allocation, &allocInfo);
         TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
         bufInfo.push_back(newBufInfo);

         bufCreateInfo.size = 1024;
         res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo,
             &newBufInfo.Buffer, &newBufInfo.Allocation, &allocInfo);
         TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
         bufInfo.push_back(newBufInfo);

         bufCreateInfo.size = 32;
         res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo,
             &newBufInfo.Buffer, &newBufInfo.Allocation, &allocInfo);
         TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
         bufInfo.push_back(newBufInfo);

         allocCreateInfo.flags |= VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_UPPER_ADDRESS_BIT;

         bufCreateInfo.size = 128;
         res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo,
             &newBufInfo.Buffer, &newBufInfo.Allocation, &allocInfo);
         TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
         bufInfo.push_back(newBufInfo);

         bufCreateInfo.size = 1024;
         res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo,
             &newBufInfo.Buffer, &newBufInfo.Allocation, &allocInfo);
         TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
         bufInfo.push_back(newBufInfo);

         bufCreateInfo.size = 16;
         res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo,
             &newBufInfo.Buffer, &newBufInfo.Allocation, &allocInfo);
         TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
         bufInfo.push_back(newBufInfo);

         VmaStats currStats;
         vmaCalculateStats(g_hAllocator, &currStats);
         VmaPoolStats poolStats;
         vmaGetPoolStats(g_hAllocator, pool, &poolStats);

         char* statsStr = nullptr;
         vmaBuildStatsString(g_hAllocator, &statsStr, VK_TRUE);

         // PUT BREAKPOINT HERE TO CHECK.
         // Inspect: currStats versus origStats, poolStats, statsStr.
         int I = 0;

         vmaFreeStatsString(g_hAllocator, statsStr);

         // Destroy the buffers in reverse order.
         while(!bufInfo.empty())
         {
             const BufferInfo& currBufInfo = bufInfo.back();
             vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, currBufInfo.Buffer, currBufInfo.Allocation);
             bufInfo.pop_back();
         }
     }

     vmaDestroyPool(g_hAllocator, pool);
 }

 static void BenchmarkAlgorithmsCase(FILE* file,
     uint32_t algorithm,
     bool empty,
     VmaAllocationCreateFlags allocStrategy,
     FREE_ORDER freeOrder)
 {
     RandomNumberGenerator rand{16223};

     const VkDeviceSize bufSizeMin = 32;
     const VkDeviceSize bufSizeMax = 1024;
     const size_t maxBufCapacity = 10000;
     const uint32_t iterationCount = 10;

     VkBufferCreateInfo sampleBufCreateInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO };
     sampleBufCreateInfo.size = bufSizeMax;
     sampleBufCreateInfo.usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_VERTEX_BUFFER_BIT;

     VmaAllocationCreateInfo sampleAllocCreateInfo = {};
     sampleAllocCreateInfo.usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_GPU_ONLY;

     VmaPoolCreateInfo poolCreateInfo = {};
     VkResult res = vmaFindMemoryTypeIndexForBufferInfo(g_hAllocator, &sampleBufCreateInfo, &sampleAllocCreateInfo, &poolCreateInfo.memoryTypeIndex);
     TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);

     poolCreateInfo.blockSize = bufSizeMax * maxBufCapacity;
     poolCreateInfo.flags |= algorithm;
     poolCreateInfo.minBlockCount = poolCreateInfo.maxBlockCount = 1;

     VmaPool pool = nullptr;
     res = vmaCreatePool(g_hAllocator, &poolCreateInfo, &pool);
     TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);

     // Buffer created just to get memory requirements. Never bound to any memory.
     VkBuffer dummyBuffer = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
     res = vkCreateBuffer(g_hDevice, &sampleBufCreateInfo, nullptr, &dummyBuffer);
     TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS && dummyBuffer);

     VkMemoryRequirements memReq = {};
     vkGetBufferMemoryRequirements(g_hDevice, dummyBuffer, &memReq);

     vkDestroyBuffer(g_hDevice, dummyBuffer, nullptr);

     VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocCreateInfo = {};
     allocCreateInfo.pool = pool;
     allocCreateInfo.flags = allocStrategy;

     VmaAllocation alloc;
     std::vector<VmaAllocation> baseAllocations;

     if(!empty)
     {
         // Make allocations up to 1/3 of pool size.
         VkDeviceSize totalSize = 0;
         while(totalSize < poolCreateInfo.blockSize / 3)
         {
             // This test intentionally allows sizes that are aligned to 4 or 16 bytes.
             // This is theoretically allowed and already uncovered one bug.
             memReq.size = bufSizeMin + rand.Generate() % (bufSizeMax - bufSizeMin);
             res = vmaAllocateMemory(g_hAllocator, &memReq, &allocCreateInfo, &alloc, nullptr);
             TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
             baseAllocations.push_back(alloc);
             totalSize += memReq.size;
         }

         // Delete half of them, choose randomly.
         size_t allocsToDelete = baseAllocations.size() / 2;
         for(size_t i = 0; i < allocsToDelete; ++i)
         {
             const size_t index = (size_t)rand.Generate() % baseAllocations.size();
             vmaFreeMemory(g_hAllocator, baseAllocations[index]);
             baseAllocations.erase(baseAllocations.begin() + index);
         }
     }

     // BENCHMARK
     const size_t allocCount = maxBufCapacity / 3;
     std::vector<VmaAllocation> testAllocations;
     testAllocations.reserve(allocCount);
     duration allocTotalDuration = duration::zero();
     duration freeTotalDuration = duration::zero();
     for(uint32_t iterationIndex = 0; iterationIndex < iterationCount; ++iterationIndex)
     {
         // Allocations
         time_point allocTimeBeg = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
         for(size_t i = 0; i < allocCount; ++i)
         {
             memReq.size = bufSizeMin + rand.Generate() % (bufSizeMax - bufSizeMin);
             res = vmaAllocateMemory(g_hAllocator, &memReq, &allocCreateInfo, &alloc, nullptr);
             TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
             testAllocations.push_back(alloc);
         }
         allocTotalDuration += std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now() - allocTimeBeg;

         // Deallocations
         switch(freeOrder)
         {
         case FREE_ORDER::FORWARD:
             // Leave testAllocations unchanged.
             break;
         case FREE_ORDER::BACKWARD:
             std::reverse(testAllocations.begin(), testAllocations.end());
             break;
         case FREE_ORDER::RANDOM:
             std::shuffle(testAllocations.begin(), testAllocations.end(), MyUniformRandomNumberGenerator(rand));
             break;
         default: assert(0);
         }

         time_point freeTimeBeg = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
         for(size_t i = 0; i < allocCount; ++i)
             vmaFreeMemory(g_hAllocator, testAllocations[i]);
         freeTotalDuration += std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now() - freeTimeBeg;

         testAllocations.clear();
     }

     // Delete baseAllocations
     while(!baseAllocations.empty())
     {
         vmaFreeMemory(g_hAllocator, baseAllocations.back());
         baseAllocations.pop_back();
     }

     vmaDestroyPool(g_hAllocator, pool);

     const float allocTotalSeconds = ToFloatSeconds(allocTotalDuration);
     const float freeTotalSeconds  = ToFloatSeconds(freeTotalDuration);

     printf("    Algorithm=%s %s Allocation=%s FreeOrder=%s: allocations %g s, free %g s\n",
         AlgorithmToStr(algorithm),
         empty ? "Empty" : "Not empty",
         GetAllocationStrategyName(allocStrategy),
         FREE_ORDER_NAMES[(size_t)freeOrder],
         allocTotalSeconds,
         freeTotalSeconds);

     if(file)
     {
         std::string currTime;
         CurrentTimeToStr(currTime);

         fprintf(file, "%s,%s,%s,%u,%s,%s,%g,%g\n",
             CODE_DESCRIPTION, currTime.c_str(),
             AlgorithmToStr(algorithm),
             empty ? 1 : 0,
             GetAllocationStrategyName(allocStrategy),
             FREE_ORDER_NAMES[(uint32_t)freeOrder],
             allocTotalSeconds,
             freeTotalSeconds);
     }
 }

 static void BenchmarkAlgorithms(FILE* file)
 {
     wprintf(L"Benchmark algorithms\n");

     if(file)
     {
         fprintf(file,
             "Code,Time,"
             "Algorithm,Empty,Allocation strategy,Free order,"
             "Allocation time (s),Deallocation time (s)\n");
     }

     uint32_t freeOrderCount = 1;
     if(ConfigType >= CONFIG_TYPE::CONFIG_TYPE_LARGE)
         freeOrderCount = 3;
     else if(ConfigType >= CONFIG_TYPE::CONFIG_TYPE_SMALL)
         freeOrderCount = 2;

     const uint32_t emptyCount = ConfigType >= CONFIG_TYPE::CONFIG_TYPE_SMALL ? 2 : 1;
     const uint32_t allocStrategyCount = GetAllocationStrategyCount();

     for(uint32_t freeOrderIndex = 0; freeOrderIndex < freeOrderCount; ++freeOrderIndex)
     {
         FREE_ORDER freeOrder = FREE_ORDER::COUNT;
         switch(freeOrderIndex)
         {
         case 0: freeOrder = FREE_ORDER::BACKWARD; break;
         case 1: freeOrder = FREE_ORDER::FORWARD; break;
         case 2: freeOrder = FREE_ORDER::RANDOM; break;
         default: assert(0);
         }

         for(uint32_t emptyIndex = 0; emptyIndex < emptyCount; ++emptyIndex)
         {
             for(uint32_t algorithmIndex = 0; algorithmIndex < 3; ++algorithmIndex)
             {
                 uint32_t algorithm = 0;
                 switch(algorithmIndex)
                 {
                 case 0:
                     break;
                 case 1:
                     algorithm = VMA_POOL_CREATE_BUDDY_ALGORITHM_BIT;
                     break;
                 case 2:
                     algorithm = VMA_POOL_CREATE_LINEAR_ALGORITHM_BIT;
                     break;
                 default:
                     assert(0);
                 }

                 uint32_t currAllocStrategyCount = algorithm != 0 ? 1 : allocStrategyCount;
                 for(uint32_t allocStrategyIndex = 0; allocStrategyIndex < currAllocStrategyCount; ++allocStrategyIndex)
                 {
                     VmaAllocatorCreateFlags strategy = 0;
                     if(currAllocStrategyCount > 1)
                     {
                         switch(allocStrategyIndex)
                         {
                         case 0: strategy = VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_STRATEGY_BEST_FIT_BIT; break;
                         case 1: strategy = VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_STRATEGY_WORST_FIT_BIT; break;
                         case 2: strategy = VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_STRATEGY_FIRST_FIT_BIT; break;
                         default: assert(0);
                         }
                     }

                     BenchmarkAlgorithmsCase(
                         file,
                         algorithm,
                         (emptyIndex == 0), // empty
                         strategy,
                         freeOrder); // freeOrder
                 }
             }
         }
     }
 }

 static void TestPool_SameSize()
 {
     const VkDeviceSize BUF_SIZE = 1024 * 1024;
     const size_t BUF_COUNT = 100;
     VkResult res;

     RandomNumberGenerator rand{123};

     VkBufferCreateInfo bufferInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO };
     bufferInfo.size = BUF_SIZE;
     bufferInfo.usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_VERTEX_BUFFER_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_INDEX_BUFFER_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT;

     uint32_t memoryTypeBits = UINT32_MAX;
     {
         VkBuffer dummyBuffer;
         res = vkCreateBuffer(g_hDevice, &bufferInfo, nullptr, &dummyBuffer);
         TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);

         VkMemoryRequirements memReq;
         vkGetBufferMemoryRequirements(g_hDevice, dummyBuffer, &memReq);
         memoryTypeBits = memReq.memoryTypeBits;

         vkDestroyBuffer(g_hDevice, dummyBuffer, nullptr);
     }

     VmaAllocationCreateInfo poolAllocInfo = {};
     poolAllocInfo.usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_CPU_ONLY;
     uint32_t memTypeIndex;
     res = vmaFindMemoryTypeIndex(
         g_hAllocator,
         memoryTypeBits,
         &poolAllocInfo,
         &memTypeIndex);

     VmaPoolCreateInfo poolCreateInfo = {};
     poolCreateInfo.memoryTypeIndex = memTypeIndex;
     poolCreateInfo.blockSize = BUF_SIZE * BUF_COUNT / 4;
     poolCreateInfo.minBlockCount = 1;
     poolCreateInfo.maxBlockCount = 4;
     poolCreateInfo.frameInUseCount = 0;

     VmaPool pool;
     res = vmaCreatePool(g_hAllocator, &poolCreateInfo, &pool);
     TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);

     vmaSetCurrentFrameIndex(g_hAllocator, 1);

     VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocInfo = {};
     allocInfo.pool = pool;
     allocInfo.flags = VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_CAN_BECOME_LOST_BIT |
         VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_CAN_MAKE_OTHER_LOST_BIT;

     struct BufItem
     {
         VkBuffer Buf;
         VmaAllocation Alloc;
     };
     std::vector<BufItem> items;

     // Fill entire pool.
     for(size_t i = 0; i < BUF_COUNT; ++i)
     {
         BufItem item;
         res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufferInfo, &allocInfo, &item.Buf, &item.Alloc, nullptr);
         TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
         items.push_back(item);
     }

     // Make sure that another allocation would fail.
     {
         BufItem item;
         res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufferInfo, &allocInfo, &item.Buf, &item.Alloc, nullptr);
         TEST(res == VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DEVICE_MEMORY);
     }

     // Validate that no buffer is lost. Also check that they are not mapped.
     for(size_t i = 0; i < items.size(); ++i)
     {
         VmaAllocationInfo allocInfo;
         vmaGetAllocationInfo(g_hAllocator, items[i].Alloc, &allocInfo);
         TEST(allocInfo.deviceMemory != VK_NULL_HANDLE);
         TEST(allocInfo.pMappedData == nullptr);
     }

     // Free some percent of random items.
     {
         const size_t PERCENT_TO_FREE = 10;
         size_t itemsToFree = items.size() * PERCENT_TO_FREE / 100;
         for(size_t i = 0; i < itemsToFree; ++i)
         {
             size_t index = (size_t)rand.Generate() % items.size();
             vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, items[index].Buf, items[index].Alloc);
             items.erase(items.begin() + index);
         }
     }

     // Randomly allocate and free items.
     {
         const size_t OPERATION_COUNT = BUF_COUNT;
         for(size_t i = 0; i < OPERATION_COUNT; ++i)
         {
             bool allocate = rand.Generate() % 2 != 0;
             if(allocate)
             {
                 if(items.size() < BUF_COUNT)
                 {
                     BufItem item;
                     res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufferInfo, &allocInfo, &item.Buf, &item.Alloc, nullptr);
                     TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
                     items.push_back(item);
                }
             }
             else // Free
             {
                 if(!items.empty())
                 {
                     size_t index = (size_t)rand.Generate() % items.size();
                     vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, items[index].Buf, items[index].Alloc);
                     items.erase(items.begin() + index);
                 }
             }
         }
     }

     // Allocate up to maximum.
     while(items.size() < BUF_COUNT)
     {
         BufItem item;
         res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufferInfo, &allocInfo, &item.Buf, &item.Alloc, nullptr);
         TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
         items.push_back(item);
     }

     // Validate that no buffer is lost.
     for(size_t i = 0; i < items.size(); ++i)
     {
         VmaAllocationInfo allocInfo;
         vmaGetAllocationInfo(g_hAllocator, items[i].Alloc, &allocInfo);
         TEST(allocInfo.deviceMemory != VK_NULL_HANDLE);
     }

     // Next frame.
     vmaSetCurrentFrameIndex(g_hAllocator, 2);

     // Allocate another BUF_COUNT buffers.
     for(size_t i = 0; i < BUF_COUNT; ++i)
     {
         BufItem item;
         res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufferInfo, &allocInfo, &item.Buf, &item.Alloc, nullptr);
         TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
         items.push_back(item);
     }

     // Make sure the first BUF_COUNT is lost. Delete them.
     for(size_t i = 0; i < BUF_COUNT; ++i)
     {
         VmaAllocationInfo allocInfo;
         vmaGetAllocationInfo(g_hAllocator, items[i].Alloc, &allocInfo);
         TEST(allocInfo.deviceMemory == VK_NULL_HANDLE);
         vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, items[i].Buf, items[i].Alloc);
     }
     items.erase(items.begin(), items.begin() + BUF_COUNT);

     // Validate that no buffer is lost.
     for(size_t i = 0; i < items.size(); ++i)
     {
         VmaAllocationInfo allocInfo;
         vmaGetAllocationInfo(g_hAllocator, items[i].Alloc, &allocInfo);
         TEST(allocInfo.deviceMemory != VK_NULL_HANDLE);
     }

     // Free one item.
     vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, items.back().Buf, items.back().Alloc);
     items.pop_back();

     // Validate statistics.
     {
         VmaPoolStats poolStats = {};
         vmaGetPoolStats(g_hAllocator, pool, &poolStats);
         TEST(poolStats.allocationCount == items.size());
         TEST(poolStats.size = BUF_COUNT * BUF_SIZE);
         TEST(poolStats.unusedRangeCount == 1);
         TEST(poolStats.unusedRangeSizeMax == BUF_SIZE);
         TEST(poolStats.unusedSize == BUF_SIZE);
     }

     // Free all remaining items.
     for(size_t i = items.size(); i--; )
         vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, items[i].Buf, items[i].Alloc);
     items.clear();

     // Allocate maximum items again.
     for(size_t i = 0; i < BUF_COUNT; ++i)
     {
         BufItem item;
         res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufferInfo, &allocInfo, &item.Buf, &item.Alloc, nullptr);
         TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
         items.push_back(item);
     }

     // Delete every other item.
     for(size_t i = 0; i < BUF_COUNT / 2; ++i)
     {
         vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, items[i].Buf, items[i].Alloc);
         items.erase(items.begin() + i);
     }

     // Defragment!
     {
         std::vector<VmaAllocation> allocationsToDefragment(items.size());
         for(size_t i = 0; i < items.size(); ++i)
             allocationsToDefragment[i] = items[i].Alloc;

         VmaDefragmentationStats defragmentationStats;
         res = vmaDefragment(g_hAllocator, allocationsToDefragment.data(), items.size(), nullptr, nullptr, &defragmentationStats);
         TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
         TEST(defragmentationStats.deviceMemoryBlocksFreed == 2);
     }

     // Free all remaining items.
     for(size_t i = items.size(); i--; )
         vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, items[i].Buf, items[i].Alloc);
     items.clear();

     ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
     // Test for vmaMakePoolAllocationsLost

     // Allocate 4 buffers on frame 10.
     vmaSetCurrentFrameIndex(g_hAllocator, 10);
     for(size_t i = 0; i < 4; ++i)
     {
         BufItem item;
         res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufferInfo, &allocInfo, &item.Buf, &item.Alloc, nullptr);
         TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
         items.push_back(item);
     }

     // Touch first 2 of them on frame 11.
     vmaSetCurrentFrameIndex(g_hAllocator, 11);
     for(size_t i = 0; i < 2; ++i)
     {
         VmaAllocationInfo allocInfo;
         vmaGetAllocationInfo(g_hAllocator, items[i].Alloc, &allocInfo);
     }

     // vmaMakePoolAllocationsLost. Only remaining 2 should be lost.
     size_t lostCount = 0xDEADC0DE;
     vmaMakePoolAllocationsLost(g_hAllocator, pool, &lostCount);
     TEST(lostCount == 2);

     // Make another call. Now 0 should be lost.
     vmaMakePoolAllocationsLost(g_hAllocator, pool, &lostCount);
     TEST(lostCount == 0);

     // Make another call, with null count. Should not crash.
     vmaMakePoolAllocationsLost(g_hAllocator, pool, nullptr);

     // END: Free all remaining items.
     for(size_t i = items.size(); i--; )
         vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, items[i].Buf, items[i].Alloc);

     items.clear();

     ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
     // Test for allocation too large for pool

     {
         VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocCreateInfo = {};
         allocCreateInfo.pool = pool;

         VkMemoryRequirements memReq;
         memReq.memoryTypeBits = UINT32_MAX;
         memReq.alignment = 1;
         memReq.size = poolCreateInfo.blockSize + 4;

         VmaAllocation alloc = nullptr;
         res = vmaAllocateMemory(g_hAllocator, &memReq, &allocCreateInfo, &alloc, nullptr);
         TEST(res == VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DEVICE_MEMORY && alloc == nullptr);
     }

     vmaDestroyPool(g_hAllocator, pool);
 }

 static void TestResize()
 {
     wprintf(L"Testing vmaResizeAllocation...\n");

     const VkDeviceSize KILOBYTE = 1024ull;
     const VkDeviceSize MEGABYTE = KILOBYTE * 1024;

     VkBufferCreateInfo bufCreateInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO };
     bufCreateInfo.size = 2 * MEGABYTE;
     bufCreateInfo.usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT;

     VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocCreateInfo = {};
     allocCreateInfo.usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_CPU_ONLY;

     uint32_t memTypeIndex = UINT32_MAX;
     TEST( vmaFindMemoryTypeIndexForBufferInfo(g_hAllocator, &bufCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo, &memTypeIndex) == VK_SUCCESS );

     VmaPoolCreateInfo poolCreateInfo = {};
     poolCreateInfo.flags = VMA_POOL_CREATE_IGNORE_BUFFER_IMAGE_GRANULARITY_BIT;
     poolCreateInfo.blockSize = 8 * MEGABYTE;
     poolCreateInfo.minBlockCount = 1;
     poolCreateInfo.maxBlockCount = 1;
     poolCreateInfo.memoryTypeIndex = memTypeIndex;

     VmaPool pool;
     TEST( vmaCreatePool(g_hAllocator, &poolCreateInfo, &pool) == VK_SUCCESS );

     allocCreateInfo.pool = pool;

     // Fill 8 MB pool with 4 * 2 MB allocations.
     VmaAllocation allocs[4] = {};

     VkMemoryRequirements memReq = {};
     memReq.memoryTypeBits = UINT32_MAX;
     memReq.alignment = 4;
     memReq.size = bufCreateInfo.size;

     VmaAllocationInfo allocInfo = {};

     for(uint32_t i = 0; i < 4; ++i)
     {
         TEST( vmaAllocateMemory(g_hAllocator, &memReq, &allocCreateInfo, &allocs[i], nullptr) == VK_SUCCESS );
     }

     // Now it's: a0 2MB, a1 2MB, a2 2MB, a3 2MB

     // Case: Resize to the same size always succeeds.
     {
         TEST( vmaResizeAllocation(g_hAllocator, allocs[0], 2 * MEGABYTE) == VK_SUCCESS);
         vmaGetAllocationInfo(g_hAllocator, allocs[3], &allocInfo);
         TEST(allocInfo.size == 2ull * 1024 * 1024);
     }

     // Case: Shrink allocation at the end.
     {
         TEST( vmaResizeAllocation(g_hAllocator, allocs[3], 1 * MEGABYTE) == VK_SUCCESS );
         vmaGetAllocationInfo(g_hAllocator, allocs[3], &allocInfo);
         TEST(allocInfo.size == 1ull * 1024 * 1024);
     }

     // Now it's: a0 2MB, a1 2MB, a2 2MB, a3 1MB, free 1MB

     // Case: Shrink allocation before free space.
     {
         TEST( vmaResizeAllocation(g_hAllocator, allocs[3], 512 * KILOBYTE) == VK_SUCCESS );
         vmaGetAllocationInfo(g_hAllocator, allocs[3], &allocInfo);
         TEST(allocInfo.size == 512 * KILOBYTE);
     }

     // Now it's: a0 2MB, a1 2MB, a2 2MB, a3 0.5MB, free 1.5MB

     // Case: Shrink allocation before next allocation.
     {
         TEST( vmaResizeAllocation(g_hAllocator, allocs[0], 1 * MEGABYTE) == VK_SUCCESS );
         vmaGetAllocationInfo(g_hAllocator, allocs[0], &allocInfo);
         TEST(allocInfo.size == 1 * MEGABYTE);
     }

     // Now it's: a0 1MB, free 1 MB, a1 2MB, a2 2MB, a3 0.5MB, free 1.5MB

     // Case: Grow allocation while there is even more space available.
     {
         TEST( vmaResizeAllocation(g_hAllocator, allocs[3], 1 * MEGABYTE) == VK_SUCCESS );
         vmaGetAllocationInfo(g_hAllocator, allocs[3], &allocInfo);
         TEST(allocInfo.size == 1 * MEGABYTE);
     }

     // Now it's: a0 1MB, free 1 MB, a1 2MB, a2 2MB, a3 1MB, free 1MB

     // Case: Grow allocation while there is exact amount of free space available.
     {
         TEST( vmaResizeAllocation(g_hAllocator, allocs[0], 2 * MEGABYTE) == VK_SUCCESS );
         vmaGetAllocationInfo(g_hAllocator, allocs[0], &allocInfo);
         TEST(allocInfo.size == 2 * MEGABYTE);
     }

     // Now it's: a0 2MB, a1 2MB, a2 2MB, a3 1MB, free 1MB

     // Case: Fail to grow when there is not enough free space due to next allocation.
     {
         TEST( vmaResizeAllocation(g_hAllocator, allocs[0], 3 * MEGABYTE) == VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_POOL_MEMORY );
         vmaGetAllocationInfo(g_hAllocator, allocs[0], &allocInfo);
         TEST(allocInfo.size == 2 * MEGABYTE);
     }

     // Case: Fail to grow when there is not enough free space due to end of memory block.
     {
         TEST( vmaResizeAllocation(g_hAllocator, allocs[3], 3 * MEGABYTE) == VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_POOL_MEMORY );
         vmaGetAllocationInfo(g_hAllocator, allocs[3], &allocInfo);
         TEST(allocInfo.size == 1 * MEGABYTE);
     }

     for(uint32_t i = 4; i--; )
     {
         vmaFreeMemory(g_hAllocator, allocs[i]);
     }

     vmaDestroyPool(g_hAllocator, pool);

     // Test dedicated allocation
     {
         VmaAllocationCreateInfo dedicatedAllocCreateInfo = {};
         dedicatedAllocCreateInfo.usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_CPU_ONLY;
         dedicatedAllocCreateInfo.flags = VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_DEDICATED_MEMORY_BIT;

         VmaAllocation dedicatedAlloc = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
         TEST( vmaAllocateMemory(g_hAllocator, &memReq, &dedicatedAllocCreateInfo, &dedicatedAlloc, nullptr) == VK_SUCCESS );

         // Case: Resize to the same size always succeeds.
         {
             TEST( vmaResizeAllocation(g_hAllocator, dedicatedAlloc, 2 * MEGABYTE) == VK_SUCCESS);
             vmaGetAllocationInfo(g_hAllocator, dedicatedAlloc, &allocInfo);
             TEST(allocInfo.size == 2ull * 1024 * 1024);
         }

         // Case: Shrinking fails.
         {
             TEST( vmaResizeAllocation(g_hAllocator, dedicatedAlloc, 1 * MEGABYTE) < VK_SUCCESS);
             vmaGetAllocationInfo(g_hAllocator, dedicatedAlloc, &allocInfo);
             TEST(allocInfo.size == 2ull * 1024 * 1024);
         }

         // Case: Growing fails.
         {
             TEST( vmaResizeAllocation(g_hAllocator, dedicatedAlloc, 3 * MEGABYTE) < VK_SUCCESS);
             vmaGetAllocationInfo(g_hAllocator, dedicatedAlloc, &allocInfo);
             TEST(allocInfo.size == 2ull * 1024 * 1024);
         }

         vmaFreeMemory(g_hAllocator, dedicatedAlloc);
     }
 }

 static bool ValidatePattern(const void* pMemory, size_t size, uint8_t pattern)
 {
     const uint8_t* pBytes = (const uint8_t*)pMemory;
     for(size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i)
     {
         if(pBytes[i] != pattern)
         {
             return false;
         }
     }
     return true;
 }

 static void TestAllocationsInitialization()
 {
     VkResult res;

     const size_t BUF_SIZE = 1024;

     // Create pool.

     VkBufferCreateInfo bufInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO };
     bufInfo.size = BUF_SIZE;
     bufInfo.usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT;

     VmaAllocationCreateInfo dummyBufAllocCreateInfo = {};
     dummyBufAllocCreateInfo.usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_CPU_ONLY;

     VmaPoolCreateInfo poolCreateInfo = {};
     poolCreateInfo.blockSize = BUF_SIZE * 10;
     poolCreateInfo.minBlockCount = 1; // To keep memory alive while pool exists.
     poolCreateInfo.maxBlockCount = 1;
     res = vmaFindMemoryTypeIndexForBufferInfo(g_hAllocator, &bufInfo, &dummyBufAllocCreateInfo, &poolCreateInfo.memoryTypeIndex);
     TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);

     VmaAllocationCreateInfo bufAllocCreateInfo = {};
     res = vmaCreatePool(g_hAllocator, &poolCreateInfo, &bufAllocCreateInfo.pool);
     TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);

     // Create one persistently mapped buffer to keep memory of this block mapped,
     // so that pointer to mapped data will remain (more or less...) valid even
     // after destruction of other allocations.

     bufAllocCreateInfo.flags = VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_MAPPED_BIT;
     VkBuffer firstBuf;
     VmaAllocation firstAlloc;
     res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufInfo, &bufAllocCreateInfo, &firstBuf, &firstAlloc, nullptr);
     TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);

     // Test buffers.

     for(uint32_t i = 0; i < 2; ++i)
     {
         const bool persistentlyMapped = i == 0;
         bufAllocCreateInfo.flags = persistentlyMapped ? VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_MAPPED_BIT : 0;
         VkBuffer buf;
         VmaAllocation alloc;
         VmaAllocationInfo allocInfo;
         res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufInfo, &bufAllocCreateInfo, &buf, &alloc, &allocInfo);
         TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);

         void* pMappedData;
         if(!persistentlyMapped)
         {
             res = vmaMapMemory(g_hAllocator, alloc, &pMappedData);
             TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
         }
         else
         {
             pMappedData = allocInfo.pMappedData;
         }

         // Validate initialized content
         bool valid = ValidatePattern(pMappedData, BUF_SIZE, 0xDC);
         TEST(valid);

         if(!persistentlyMapped)
         {
             vmaUnmapMemory(g_hAllocator, alloc);
         }

         vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, buf, alloc);

         // Validate freed content
         valid = ValidatePattern(pMappedData, BUF_SIZE, 0xEF);
         TEST(valid);
     }

     vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, firstBuf, firstAlloc);
     vmaDestroyPool(g_hAllocator, bufAllocCreateInfo.pool);
 }

 static void TestPool_Benchmark(
     PoolTestResult& outResult,
     const PoolTestConfig& config)
 {
     TEST(config.ThreadCount > 0);

     RandomNumberGenerator mainRand{config.RandSeed};

     uint32_t allocationSizeProbabilitySum = std::accumulate(
         config.AllocationSizes.begin(),
         config.AllocationSizes.end(),
         0u,
         [](uint32_t sum, const AllocationSize& allocSize) {
             return sum + allocSize.Probability;
         });

     VkBufferCreateInfo bufferInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO };
     bufferInfo.size = 256; // Whatever.
     bufferInfo.usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_VERTEX_BUFFER_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_INDEX_BUFFER_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT;

     VkImageCreateInfo imageInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_CREATE_INFO };
     imageInfo.imageType = VK_IMAGE_TYPE_2D;
     imageInfo.extent.width = 256; // Whatever.
     imageInfo.extent.height = 256; // Whatever.
     imageInfo.extent.depth = 1;
     imageInfo.mipLevels = 1;
     imageInfo.arrayLayers = 1;
     imageInfo.format = VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM;
     imageInfo.tiling = VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL; // LINEAR if CPU memory.
     imageInfo.initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_PREINITIALIZED;
     imageInfo.usage = VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT | VK_IMAGE_USAGE_SAMPLED_BIT; // TRANSFER_SRC if CPU memory.
     imageInfo.samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;

     uint32_t bufferMemoryTypeBits = UINT32_MAX;
     {
         VkBuffer dummyBuffer;
         VkResult res = vkCreateBuffer(g_hDevice, &bufferInfo, nullptr, &dummyBuffer);
         TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);

         VkMemoryRequirements memReq;
         vkGetBufferMemoryRequirements(g_hDevice, dummyBuffer, &memReq);
         bufferMemoryTypeBits = memReq.memoryTypeBits;

         vkDestroyBuffer(g_hDevice, dummyBuffer, nullptr);
     }

     uint32_t imageMemoryTypeBits = UINT32_MAX;
     {
         VkImage dummyImage;
         VkResult res = vkCreateImage(g_hDevice, &imageInfo, nullptr, &dummyImage);
         TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);

         VkMemoryRequirements memReq;
         vkGetImageMemoryRequirements(g_hDevice, dummyImage, &memReq);
         imageMemoryTypeBits = memReq.memoryTypeBits;

         vkDestroyImage(g_hDevice, dummyImage, nullptr);
     }

     uint32_t memoryTypeBits = 0;
     if(config.UsesBuffers() && config.UsesImages())
     {
         memoryTypeBits = bufferMemoryTypeBits & imageMemoryTypeBits;
         if(memoryTypeBits == 0)
         {
             PrintWarning(L"Cannot test buffers + images in the same memory pool on this GPU.");
             return;
         }
     }
     else if(config.UsesBuffers())
         memoryTypeBits = bufferMemoryTypeBits;
     else if(config.UsesImages())
         memoryTypeBits = imageMemoryTypeBits;
     else
         TEST(0);

     VmaPoolCreateInfo poolCreateInfo = {};
     poolCreateInfo.memoryTypeIndex = 0;
     poolCreateInfo.minBlockCount = 1;
     poolCreateInfo.maxBlockCount = 1;
     poolCreateInfo.blockSize = config.PoolSize;
     poolCreateInfo.frameInUseCount = 1;

     VmaAllocationCreateInfo dummyAllocCreateInfo = {};
     dummyAllocCreateInfo.usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_GPU_ONLY;
     vmaFindMemoryTypeIndex(g_hAllocator, memoryTypeBits, &dummyAllocCreateInfo, &poolCreateInfo.memoryTypeIndex);

     VmaPool pool;
     VkResult res = vmaCreatePool(g_hAllocator, &poolCreateInfo, &pool);
     TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);

     // Start time measurement - after creating pool and initializing data structures.
     time_point timeBeg = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();

     ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
     // ThreadProc
     auto ThreadProc = [&](
         PoolTestThreadResult* outThreadResult,
         uint32_t randSeed,
         HANDLE frameStartEvent,
         HANDLE frameEndEvent) -> void
     {
         RandomNumberGenerator threadRand{randSeed};

         outThreadResult->AllocationTimeMin = duration::max();
         outThreadResult->AllocationTimeSum = duration::zero();
         outThreadResult->AllocationTimeMax = duration::min();
         outThreadResult->DeallocationTimeMin = duration::max();
         outThreadResult->DeallocationTimeSum = duration::zero();
         outThreadResult->DeallocationTimeMax = duration::min();
         outThreadResult->AllocationCount = 0;
         outThreadResult->DeallocationCount = 0;
         outThreadResult->LostAllocationCount = 0;
         outThreadResult->LostAllocationTotalSize = 0;
         outThreadResult->FailedAllocationCount = 0;
         outThreadResult->FailedAllocationTotalSize = 0;

         struct Item
         {
             VkDeviceSize BufferSize;
             VkExtent2D ImageSize;
             VkBuffer Buf;
             VkImage Image;
             VmaAllocation Alloc;

             VkDeviceSize CalcSizeBytes() const
             {
                 return BufferSize +
                     ImageSize.width * ImageSize.height * 4;
             }
         };
         std::vector<Item> unusedItems, usedItems;

         const size_t threadTotalItemCount = config.TotalItemCount / config.ThreadCount;

         // Create all items - all unused, not yet allocated.
         for(size_t i = 0; i < threadTotalItemCount; ++i)
         {
             Item item = {};

             uint32_t allocSizeIndex = 0;
             uint32_t r = threadRand.Generate() % allocationSizeProbabilitySum;
             while(r >= config.AllocationSizes[allocSizeIndex].Probability)
                 r -= config.AllocationSizes[allocSizeIndex++].Probability;

             const AllocationSize& allocSize = config.AllocationSizes[allocSizeIndex];
             if(allocSize.BufferSizeMax > 0)
             {
                 TEST(allocSize.BufferSizeMin > 0);
                 TEST(allocSize.ImageSizeMin == 0 && allocSize.ImageSizeMax == 0);
                 if(allocSize.BufferSizeMax == allocSize.BufferSizeMin)
                     item.BufferSize = allocSize.BufferSizeMin;
                 else
                 {
                     item.BufferSize = allocSize.BufferSizeMin + threadRand.Generate() % (allocSize.BufferSizeMax - allocSize.BufferSizeMin);
                     item.BufferSize = item.BufferSize / 16 * 16;
                 }
             }
             else
             {
                 TEST(allocSize.ImageSizeMin > 0 && allocSize.ImageSizeMax > 0);
                 if(allocSize.ImageSizeMax == allocSize.ImageSizeMin)
                     item.ImageSize.width = item.ImageSize.height = allocSize.ImageSizeMax;
                 else
                 {
                     item.ImageSize.width  = allocSize.ImageSizeMin + threadRand.Generate() % (allocSize.ImageSizeMax - allocSize.ImageSizeMin);
                     item.ImageSize.height = allocSize.ImageSizeMin + threadRand.Generate() % (allocSize.ImageSizeMax - allocSize.ImageSizeMin);
                 }
             }

             unusedItems.push_back(item);
         }

         auto Allocate = [&](Item& item) -> VkResult
         {
             VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocCreateInfo = {};
             allocCreateInfo.pool = pool;
             allocCreateInfo.flags = VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_CAN_BECOME_LOST_BIT |
                 VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_CAN_MAKE_OTHER_LOST_BIT;

             if(item.BufferSize)
             {
                 bufferInfo.size = item.BufferSize;
                 PoolAllocationTimeRegisterObj timeRegisterObj(*outThreadResult);
                 return vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufferInfo, &allocCreateInfo, &item.Buf, &item.Alloc, nullptr);
             }
             else
             {
                 TEST(item.ImageSize.width && item.ImageSize.height);

                 imageInfo.extent.width = item.ImageSize.width;
                 imageInfo.extent.height = item.ImageSize.height;
                 PoolAllocationTimeRegisterObj timeRegisterObj(*outThreadResult);
                 return vmaCreateImage(g_hAllocator, &imageInfo, &allocCreateInfo, &item.Image, &item.Alloc, nullptr);
             }
         };

         ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
         // Frames
         for(uint32_t frameIndex = 0; frameIndex < config.FrameCount; ++frameIndex)
         {
             WaitForSingleObject(frameStartEvent, INFINITE);

             // Always make some percent of used bufs unused, to choose different used ones.
             const size_t bufsToMakeUnused = usedItems.size() * config.ItemsToMakeUnusedPercent / 100;
             for(size_t i = 0; i < bufsToMakeUnused; ++i)
             {
                 size_t index = threadRand.Generate() % usedItems.size();
                 unusedItems.push_back(usedItems[index]);
                 usedItems.erase(usedItems.begin() + index);
             }

             // Determine which bufs we want to use in this frame.
             const size_t usedBufCount = (threadRand.Generate() % (config.UsedItemCountMax - config.UsedItemCountMin) + config.UsedItemCountMin)
                 / config.ThreadCount;
             TEST(usedBufCount < usedItems.size() + unusedItems.size());
             // Move some used to unused.
             while(usedBufCount < usedItems.size())
             {
                 size_t index = threadRand.Generate() % usedItems.size();
                 unusedItems.push_back(usedItems[index]);
                 usedItems.erase(usedItems.begin() + index);
             }
             // Move some unused to used.
             while(usedBufCount > usedItems.size())
             {
                 size_t index = threadRand.Generate() % unusedItems.size();
                 usedItems.push_back(unusedItems[index]);
                 unusedItems.erase(unusedItems.begin() + index);
             }

             uint32_t touchExistingCount = 0;
             uint32_t touchLostCount = 0;
             uint32_t createSucceededCount = 0;
             uint32_t createFailedCount = 0;

             // Touch all used bufs. If not created or lost, allocate.
             for(size_t i = 0; i < usedItems.size(); ++i)
             {
                 Item& item = usedItems[i];
                 // Not yet created.
                 if(item.Alloc == VK_NULL_HANDLE)
                 {
                     res = Allocate(item);
                     ++outThreadResult->AllocationCount;
                     if(res != VK_SUCCESS)
                     {
                         item.Alloc = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
                         item.Buf = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
                         ++outThreadResult->FailedAllocationCount;
                         outThreadResult->FailedAllocationTotalSize += item.CalcSizeBytes();
                         ++createFailedCount;
                     }
                     else
                         ++createSucceededCount;
                 }
                 else
                 {
                     // Touch.
                     VmaAllocationInfo allocInfo;
                     vmaGetAllocationInfo(g_hAllocator, item.Alloc, &allocInfo);
                     // Lost.
                     if(allocInfo.deviceMemory == VK_NULL_HANDLE)
                     {
                         ++touchLostCount;

                         // Destroy.
                         {
                             PoolDeallocationTimeRegisterObj timeRegisterObj(*outThreadResult);
                             if(item.Buf)
                                 vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, item.Buf, item.Alloc);
                             else
                                 vmaDestroyImage(g_hAllocator, item.Image, item.Alloc);
                             ++outThreadResult->DeallocationCount;
                         }
                         item.Alloc = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
                         item.Buf = VK_NULL_HANDLE;

                         ++outThreadResult->LostAllocationCount;
                         outThreadResult->LostAllocationTotalSize += item.CalcSizeBytes();

                         // Recreate.
                         res = Allocate(item);
                         ++outThreadResult->AllocationCount;
                         // Creation failed.
                         if(res != VK_SUCCESS)
                         {
                             ++outThreadResult->FailedAllocationCount;
                             outThreadResult->FailedAllocationTotalSize += item.CalcSizeBytes();
                             ++createFailedCount;
                         }
                         else
                             ++createSucceededCount;
                     }
                     else
                         ++touchExistingCount;
                 }
             }

             /*
             printf("Thread %u frame %u: Touch existing %u lost %u, create succeeded %u failed %u\n",
                 randSeed, frameIndex,
                 touchExistingCount, touchLostCount,
                 createSucceededCount, createFailedCount);
             */

             SetEvent(frameEndEvent);
         }

         // Free all remaining items.
         for(size_t i = usedItems.size(); i--; )
         {
             PoolDeallocationTimeRegisterObj timeRegisterObj(*outThreadResult);
             if(usedItems[i].Buf)
                 vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, usedItems[i].Buf, usedItems[i].Alloc);
             else
                 vmaDestroyImage(g_hAllocator, usedItems[i].Image, usedItems[i].Alloc);
             ++outThreadResult->DeallocationCount;
         }
         for(size_t i = unusedItems.size(); i--; )
         {
             PoolDeallocationTimeRegisterObj timeRegisterOb(*outThreadResult);
             if(unusedItems[i].Buf)
                 vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, unusedItems[i].Buf, unusedItems[i].Alloc);
             else
                 vmaDestroyImage(g_hAllocator, unusedItems[i].Image, unusedItems[i].Alloc);
             ++outThreadResult->DeallocationCount;
         }
     };

     // Launch threads.
     uint32_t threadRandSeed = mainRand.Generate();
     std::vector<HANDLE> frameStartEvents{config.ThreadCount};
     std::vector<HANDLE> frameEndEvents{config.ThreadCount};
     std::vector<std::thread> bkgThreads;
     std::vector<PoolTestThreadResult> threadResults{config.ThreadCount};
     for(uint32_t threadIndex = 0; threadIndex < config.ThreadCount; ++threadIndex)
     {
         frameStartEvents[threadIndex] = CreateEvent(NULL, FALSE, FALSE, NULL);
         frameEndEvents[threadIndex] = CreateEvent(NULL, FALSE, FALSE, NULL);
         bkgThreads.emplace_back(std::bind(
             ThreadProc,
             &threadResults[threadIndex],
             threadRandSeed + threadIndex,
             frameStartEvents[threadIndex],
             frameEndEvents[threadIndex]));
     }

     // Execute frames.
     TEST(config.ThreadCount <= MAXIMUM_WAIT_OBJECTS);
     for(uint32_t frameIndex = 0; frameIndex < config.FrameCount; ++frameIndex)
     {
         vmaSetCurrentFrameIndex(g_hAllocator, frameIndex);
         for(size_t threadIndex = 0; threadIndex < config.ThreadCount; ++threadIndex)
             SetEvent(frameStartEvents[threadIndex]);
         WaitForMultipleObjects(config.ThreadCount, &frameEndEvents[0], TRUE, INFINITE);
     }

     // Wait for threads finished
     for(size_t i = 0; i < bkgThreads.size(); ++i)
     {
         bkgThreads[i].join();
         CloseHandle(frameEndEvents[i]);
         CloseHandle(frameStartEvents[i]);
     }
     bkgThreads.clear();

     // Finish time measurement - before destroying pool.
     outResult.TotalTime = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now() - timeBeg;

     vmaDestroyPool(g_hAllocator, pool);

     outResult.AllocationTimeMin = duration::max();
     outResult.AllocationTimeAvg = duration::zero();
     outResult.AllocationTimeMax = duration::min();
     outResult.DeallocationTimeMin = duration::max();
     outResult.DeallocationTimeAvg = duration::zero();
     outResult.DeallocationTimeMax = duration::min();
     outResult.LostAllocationCount = 0;
     outResult.LostAllocationTotalSize = 0;
     outResult.FailedAllocationCount = 0;
     outResult.FailedAllocationTotalSize = 0;
     size_t allocationCount = 0;
     size_t deallocationCount = 0;
     for(size_t threadIndex = 0; threadIndex < config.ThreadCount; ++threadIndex)
     {
         const PoolTestThreadResult& threadResult = threadResults[threadIndex];
         outResult.AllocationTimeMin = std::min(outResult.AllocationTimeMin, threadResult.AllocationTimeMin);
         outResult.AllocationTimeMax = std::max(outResult.AllocationTimeMax, threadResult.AllocationTimeMax);
         outResult.AllocationTimeAvg += threadResult.AllocationTimeSum;
         outResult.DeallocationTimeMin = std::min(outResult.DeallocationTimeMin, threadResult.DeallocationTimeMin);
         outResult.DeallocationTimeMax = std::max(outResult.DeallocationTimeMax, threadResult.DeallocationTimeMax);
         outResult.DeallocationTimeAvg += threadResult.DeallocationTimeSum;
         allocationCount += threadResult.AllocationCount;
         deallocationCount += threadResult.DeallocationCount;
         outResult.FailedAllocationCount += threadResult.FailedAllocationCount;
         outResult.FailedAllocationTotalSize += threadResult.FailedAllocationTotalSize;
         outResult.LostAllocationCount += threadResult.LostAllocationCount;
         outResult.LostAllocationTotalSize += threadResult.LostAllocationTotalSize;
     }
     if(allocationCount)
         outResult.AllocationTimeAvg /= allocationCount;
     if(deallocationCount)
         outResult.DeallocationTimeAvg /= deallocationCount;
 }

 static inline bool MemoryRegionsOverlap(char* ptr1, size_t size1, char* ptr2, size_t size2)
 {
     if(ptr1 < ptr2)
         return ptr1 + size1 > ptr2;
     else if(ptr2 < ptr1)
         return ptr2 + size2 > ptr1;
     else
         return true;
 }

 static void TestMapping()
 {
     wprintf(L"Testing mapping...\n");

     VkResult res;
     uint32_t memTypeIndex = UINT32_MAX;

     enum TEST
     {
         TEST_NORMAL,
         TEST_POOL,
         TEST_DEDICATED,
         TEST_COUNT
     };
     for(uint32_t testIndex = 0; testIndex < TEST_COUNT; ++testIndex)
     {
         VmaPool pool = nullptr;
         if(testIndex == TEST_POOL)
         {
             TEST(memTypeIndex != UINT32_MAX);
             VmaPoolCreateInfo poolInfo = {};
             poolInfo.memoryTypeIndex = memTypeIndex;
             res = vmaCreatePool(g_hAllocator, &poolInfo, &pool);
             TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
         }

         VkBufferCreateInfo bufInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO };
         bufInfo.size = 0x10000;
         bufInfo.usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT;

         VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocCreateInfo = {};
         allocCreateInfo.usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_CPU_ONLY;
         allocCreateInfo.pool = pool;
         if(testIndex == TEST_DEDICATED)
             allocCreateInfo.flags |= VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_DEDICATED_MEMORY_BIT;

         VmaAllocationInfo allocInfo;

         // Mapped manually

         // Create 2 buffers.
         BufferInfo bufferInfos[3];
         for(size_t i = 0; i < 2; ++i)
         {
             res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufInfo, &allocCreateInfo,
                 &bufferInfos[i].Buffer, &bufferInfos[i].Allocation, &allocInfo);
             TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
             TEST(allocInfo.pMappedData == nullptr);
             memTypeIndex = allocInfo.memoryType;
         }

         // Map buffer 0.
         char* data00 = nullptr;
         res = vmaMapMemory(g_hAllocator, bufferInfos[0].Allocation, (void**)&data00);
         TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS && data00 != nullptr);
         data00[0xFFFF] = data00[0];

         // Map buffer 0 second time.
         char* data01 = nullptr;
         res = vmaMapMemory(g_hAllocator, bufferInfos[0].Allocation, (void**)&data01);
         TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS && data01 == data00);

         // Map buffer 1.
         char* data1 = nullptr;
         res = vmaMapMemory(g_hAllocator, bufferInfos[1].Allocation, (void**)&data1);
         TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS && data1 != nullptr);
         TEST(!MemoryRegionsOverlap(data00, (size_t)bufInfo.size, data1, (size_t)bufInfo.size));
         data1[0xFFFF] = data1[0];

         // Unmap buffer 0 two times.
         vmaUnmapMemory(g_hAllocator, bufferInfos[0].Allocation);
         vmaUnmapMemory(g_hAllocator, bufferInfos[0].Allocation);
         vmaGetAllocationInfo(g_hAllocator, bufferInfos[0].Allocation, &allocInfo);
         TEST(allocInfo.pMappedData == nullptr);

         // Unmap buffer 1.
         vmaUnmapMemory(g_hAllocator, bufferInfos[1].Allocation);
         vmaGetAllocationInfo(g_hAllocator, bufferInfos[1].Allocation, &allocInfo);
         TEST(allocInfo.pMappedData == nullptr);

         // Create 3rd buffer - persistently mapped.
         allocCreateInfo.flags |= VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_MAPPED_BIT;
         res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufInfo, &allocCreateInfo,
             &bufferInfos[2].Buffer, &bufferInfos[2].Allocation, &allocInfo);
         TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS && allocInfo.pMappedData != nullptr);

         // Map buffer 2.
         char* data2 = nullptr;
         res = vmaMapMemory(g_hAllocator, bufferInfos[2].Allocation, (void**)&data2);
         TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS && data2 == allocInfo.pMappedData);
         data2[0xFFFF] = data2[0];

         // Unmap buffer 2.
         vmaUnmapMemory(g_hAllocator, bufferInfos[2].Allocation);
         vmaGetAllocationInfo(g_hAllocator, bufferInfos[2].Allocation, &allocInfo);
         TEST(allocInfo.pMappedData == data2);

         // Destroy all buffers.
         for(size_t i = 3; i--; )
             vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, bufferInfos[i].Buffer, bufferInfos[i].Allocation);

         vmaDestroyPool(g_hAllocator, pool);
     }
 }

 static void TestMappingMultithreaded()
 {
     wprintf(L"Testing mapping multithreaded...\n");

     static const uint32_t threadCount = 16;
     static const uint32_t bufferCount = 1024;
     static const uint32_t threadBufferCount = bufferCount / threadCount;

     VkResult res;
     volatile uint32_t memTypeIndex = UINT32_MAX;

     enum TEST
     {
         TEST_NORMAL,
         TEST_POOL,
         TEST_DEDICATED,
         TEST_COUNT
     };
     for(uint32_t testIndex = 0; testIndex < TEST_COUNT; ++testIndex)
     {
         VmaPool pool = nullptr;
         if(testIndex == TEST_POOL)
         {
             TEST(memTypeIndex != UINT32_MAX);
             VmaPoolCreateInfo poolInfo = {};
             poolInfo.memoryTypeIndex = memTypeIndex;
             res = vmaCreatePool(g_hAllocator, &poolInfo, &pool);
             TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
         }

         VkBufferCreateInfo bufCreateInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO };
         bufCreateInfo.size = 0x10000;
         bufCreateInfo.usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT;

         VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocCreateInfo = {};
         allocCreateInfo.usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_CPU_ONLY;
         allocCreateInfo.pool = pool;
         if(testIndex == TEST_DEDICATED)
             allocCreateInfo.flags |= VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_DEDICATED_MEMORY_BIT;

         std::thread threads[threadCount];
         for(uint32_t threadIndex = 0; threadIndex < threadCount; ++threadIndex)
         {
             threads[threadIndex] = std::thread([=, &memTypeIndex](){
                 // ======== THREAD FUNCTION ========

                 RandomNumberGenerator rand{threadIndex};

                 enum class MODE
                 {
                     // Don't map this buffer at all.
                     DONT_MAP,
                     // Map and quickly unmap.
                     MAP_FOR_MOMENT,
                     // Map and unmap before destruction.
                     MAP_FOR_LONGER,
                     // Map two times. Quickly unmap, second unmap before destruction.
                     MAP_TWO_TIMES,
                     // Create this buffer as persistently mapped.
                     PERSISTENTLY_MAPPED,
                     COUNT
                 };
                 std::vector<BufferInfo> bufInfos{threadBufferCount};
                 std::vector<MODE> bufModes{threadBufferCount};

                 for(uint32_t bufferIndex = 0; bufferIndex < threadBufferCount; ++bufferIndex)
                 {
                     BufferInfo& bufInfo = bufInfos[bufferIndex];
                     const MODE mode = (MODE)(rand.Generate() % (uint32_t)MODE::COUNT);
                     bufModes[bufferIndex] = mode;

                     VmaAllocationCreateInfo localAllocCreateInfo = allocCreateInfo;
                     if(mode == MODE::PERSISTENTLY_MAPPED)
                         localAllocCreateInfo.flags |= VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_MAPPED_BIT;

                     VmaAllocationInfo allocInfo;
                     VkResult res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufCreateInfo, &localAllocCreateInfo,
                         &bufInfo.Buffer, &bufInfo.Allocation, &allocInfo);
                     TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);

                     if(memTypeIndex == UINT32_MAX)
                         memTypeIndex = allocInfo.memoryType;

                     char* data = nullptr;

                     if(mode == MODE::PERSISTENTLY_MAPPED)
                     {
                         data = (char*)allocInfo.pMappedData;
                         TEST(data != nullptr);
                     }
                     else if(mode == MODE::MAP_FOR_MOMENT || mode == MODE::MAP_FOR_LONGER ||
                         mode == MODE::MAP_TWO_TIMES)
                     {
                         TEST(data == nullptr);
                         res = vmaMapMemory(g_hAllocator, bufInfo.Allocation, (void**)&data);
                         TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS && data != nullptr);

                         if(mode == MODE::MAP_TWO_TIMES)
                         {
                             char* data2 = nullptr;
                             res = vmaMapMemory(g_hAllocator, bufInfo.Allocation, (void**)&data2);
                             TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS && data2 == data);
                         }
                     }
                     else if(mode == MODE::DONT_MAP)
                     {
                         TEST(allocInfo.pMappedData == nullptr);
                     }
                     else
                         TEST(0);

                     // Test if reading and writing from the beginning and end of mapped memory doesn't crash.
                     if(data)
                         data[0xFFFF] = data[0];

                     if(mode == MODE::MAP_FOR_MOMENT || mode == MODE::MAP_TWO_TIMES)
                     {
                         vmaUnmapMemory(g_hAllocator, bufInfo.Allocation);

                         VmaAllocationInfo allocInfo;
                         vmaGetAllocationInfo(g_hAllocator, bufInfo.Allocation, &allocInfo);
                         if(mode == MODE::MAP_FOR_MOMENT)
                             TEST(allocInfo.pMappedData == nullptr);
                         else
                             TEST(allocInfo.pMappedData == data);
                     }

                     switch(rand.Generate() % 3)
                     {
                     case 0: Sleep(0); break; // Yield.
                     case 1: Sleep(10); break; // 10 ms
                     // default: No sleep.
                     }

                     // Test if reading and writing from the beginning and end of mapped memory doesn't crash.
                     if(data)
                         data[0xFFFF] = data[0];
                 }

                 for(size_t bufferIndex = threadBufferCount; bufferIndex--; )
                 {
                     if(bufModes[bufferIndex] == MODE::MAP_FOR_LONGER ||
                         bufModes[bufferIndex] == MODE::MAP_TWO_TIMES)
                     {
                         vmaUnmapMemory(g_hAllocator, bufInfos[bufferIndex].Allocation);

                         VmaAllocationInfo allocInfo;
                         vmaGetAllocationInfo(g_hAllocator, bufInfos[bufferIndex].Allocation, &allocInfo);
                         TEST(allocInfo.pMappedData == nullptr);
                     }

                     vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, bufInfos[bufferIndex].Buffer, bufInfos[bufferIndex].Allocation);
                 }
             });
         }

         for(uint32_t threadIndex = 0; threadIndex < threadCount; ++threadIndex)
             threads[threadIndex].join();

         vmaDestroyPool(g_hAllocator, pool);
     }
 }

 static void WriteMainTestResultHeader(FILE* file)
 {
     fprintf(file,
         "Code,Time,"
         "Threads,Buffers and images,Sizes,Operations,Allocation strategy,Free order,"
         "Total Time (us),"
         "Allocation Time Min (us),"
         "Allocation Time Avg (us),"
         "Allocation Time Max (us),"
         "Deallocation Time Min (us),"
         "Deallocation Time Avg (us),"
         "Deallocation Time Max (us),"
         "Total Memory Allocated (B),"
         "Free Range Size Avg (B),"
         "Free Range Size Max (B)\n");
 }

 static void WriteMainTestResult(
     FILE* file,
     const char* codeDescription,
     const char* testDescription,
     const Config& config, const Result& result)
 {
     float totalTimeSeconds = ToFloatSeconds(result.TotalTime);
     float allocationTimeMinSeconds = ToFloatSeconds(result.AllocationTimeMin);
     float allocationTimeAvgSeconds = ToFloatSeconds(result.AllocationTimeAvg);
     float allocationTimeMaxSeconds = ToFloatSeconds(result.AllocationTimeMax);
     float deallocationTimeMinSeconds = ToFloatSeconds(result.DeallocationTimeMin);
     float deallocationTimeAvgSeconds = ToFloatSeconds(result.DeallocationTimeAvg);
     float deallocationTimeMaxSeconds = ToFloatSeconds(result.DeallocationTimeMax);

     std::string currTime;
     CurrentTimeToStr(currTime);

     fprintf(file,
         "%s,%s,%s,"
         "%.2f,%.2f,%.2f,%.2f,%.2f,%.2f,%.2f,%I64u,%I64u,%I64u\n",
         codeDescription,
         currTime.c_str(),
         testDescription,
         totalTimeSeconds * 1e6f,
         allocationTimeMinSeconds * 1e6f,
         allocationTimeAvgSeconds * 1e6f,
         allocationTimeMaxSeconds * 1e6f,
         deallocationTimeMinSeconds * 1e6f,
         deallocationTimeAvgSeconds * 1e6f,
         deallocationTimeMaxSeconds * 1e6f,
         result.TotalMemoryAllocated,
         result.FreeRangeSizeAvg,
         result.FreeRangeSizeMax);
 }

 static void WritePoolTestResultHeader(FILE* file)
 {
     fprintf(file,
         "Code,Test,Time,"
         "Config,"
         "Total Time (us),"
         "Allocation Time Min (us),"
         "Allocation Time Avg (us),"
         "Allocation Time Max (us),"
         "Deallocation Time Min (us),"
         "Deallocation Time Avg (us),"
         "Deallocation Time Max (us),"
         "Lost Allocation Count,"
         "Lost Allocation Total Size (B),"
         "Failed Allocation Count,"
         "Failed Allocation Total Size (B)\n");
 }

 static void WritePoolTestResult(
     FILE* file,
     const char* codeDescription,
     const char* testDescription,
     const PoolTestConfig& config,
     const PoolTestResult& result)
 {
     float totalTimeSeconds = ToFloatSeconds(result.TotalTime);
     float allocationTimeMinSeconds = ToFloatSeconds(result.AllocationTimeMin);
     float allocationTimeAvgSeconds = ToFloatSeconds(result.AllocationTimeAvg);
     float allocationTimeMaxSeconds = ToFloatSeconds(result.AllocationTimeMax);
     float deallocationTimeMinSeconds = ToFloatSeconds(result.DeallocationTimeMin);
     float deallocationTimeAvgSeconds = ToFloatSeconds(result.DeallocationTimeAvg);
     float deallocationTimeMaxSeconds = ToFloatSeconds(result.DeallocationTimeMax);

     std::string currTime;
     CurrentTimeToStr(currTime);

     fprintf(file,
         "%s,%s,%s,"
         "ThreadCount=%u PoolSize=%llu FrameCount=%u TotalItemCount=%u UsedItemCount=%u...%u ItemsToMakeUnusedPercent=%u,"
         "%.2f,%.2f,%.2f,%.2f,%.2f,%.2f,%.2f,%I64u,%I64u,%I64u,%I64u\n",
         // General
         codeDescription,
         testDescription,
         currTime.c_str(),
         // Config
         config.ThreadCount,
         (unsigned long long)config.PoolSize,
         config.FrameCount,
         config.TotalItemCount,
         config.UsedItemCountMin,
         config.UsedItemCountMax,
         config.ItemsToMakeUnusedPercent,
         // Results
         totalTimeSeconds * 1e6f,
         allocationTimeMinSeconds * 1e6f,
         allocationTimeAvgSeconds * 1e6f,
         allocationTimeMaxSeconds * 1e6f,
         deallocationTimeMinSeconds * 1e6f,
         deallocationTimeAvgSeconds * 1e6f,
         deallocationTimeMaxSeconds * 1e6f,
         result.LostAllocationCount,
         result.LostAllocationTotalSize,
         result.FailedAllocationCount,
         result.FailedAllocationTotalSize);
 }

 static void PerformCustomMainTest(FILE* file)
 {
     Config config{};
     config.RandSeed = 65735476;
     //config.MaxBytesToAllocate = 4ull * 1024 * 1024; // 4 MB
     config.MaxBytesToAllocate = 4ull * 1024 * 1024 * 1024; // 4 GB
     config.MemUsageProbability[0] = 1; // VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_GPU_ONLY
     config.FreeOrder = FREE_ORDER::FORWARD;
     config.ThreadCount = 16;
     config.ThreadsUsingCommonAllocationsProbabilityPercent = 50;
     config.AllocationStrategy = 0;

     // Buffers
     //config.AllocationSizes.push_back({4, 16, 1024});
     config.AllocationSizes.push_back({4, 0x10000, 0xA00000}); // 64 KB ... 10 MB

     // Images
     //config.AllocationSizes.push_back({4, 0, 0, 4, 32});
     //config.AllocationSizes.push_back({4, 0, 0, 256, 2048});

     config.BeginBytesToAllocate = config.MaxBytesToAllocate * 5 / 100;
     config.AdditionalOperationCount = 1024;

     Result result{};
     VkResult res = MainTest(result, config);
     TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
     WriteMainTestResult(file, "Foo", "CustomTest", config, result);
 }

 static void PerformCustomPoolTest(FILE* file)
 {
     PoolTestConfig config;
     config.PoolSize = 100 * 1024 * 1024;
     config.RandSeed = 2345764;
     config.ThreadCount = 1;
     config.FrameCount = 200;
     config.ItemsToMakeUnusedPercent = 2;

     AllocationSize allocSize = {};
     allocSize.BufferSizeMin = 1024;
     allocSize.BufferSizeMax = 1024 * 1024;
     allocSize.Probability = 1;
     config.AllocationSizes.push_back(allocSize);

     allocSize.BufferSizeMin = 0;
     allocSize.BufferSizeMax = 0;
     allocSize.ImageSizeMin = 128;
     allocSize.ImageSizeMax = 1024;
     allocSize.Probability = 1;
     config.AllocationSizes.push_back(allocSize);

     config.PoolSize = config.CalcAvgResourceSize() * 200;
     config.UsedItemCountMax = 160;
     config.TotalItemCount = config.UsedItemCountMax * 10;
     config.UsedItemCountMin = config.UsedItemCountMax * 80 / 100;

     g_MemoryAliasingWarningEnabled = false;
     PoolTestResult result = {};
     TestPool_Benchmark(result, config);
     g_MemoryAliasingWarningEnabled = true;

     WritePoolTestResult(file, "Code desc", "Test desc", config, result);
 }

 static void PerformMainTests(FILE* file)
 {
     uint32_t repeatCount = 1;
     if(ConfigType >= CONFIG_TYPE_MAXIMUM) repeatCount = 3;

     Config config{};
     config.RandSeed = 65735476;
     config.MemUsageProbability[0] = 1; // VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_GPU_ONLY
     config.FreeOrder = FREE_ORDER::FORWARD;

     size_t threadCountCount = 1;
     switch(ConfigType)
     {
     case CONFIG_TYPE_MINIMUM: threadCountCount = 1; break;
     case CONFIG_TYPE_SMALL:   threadCountCount = 2; break;
     case CONFIG_TYPE_AVERAGE: threadCountCount = 3; break;
     case CONFIG_TYPE_LARGE:   threadCountCount = 5; break;
     case CONFIG_TYPE_MAXIMUM: threadCountCount = 7; break;
     default: assert(0);
     }

     const size_t strategyCount = GetAllocationStrategyCount();

     for(size_t threadCountIndex = 0; threadCountIndex < threadCountCount; ++threadCountIndex)
     {
         std::string desc1;

         switch(threadCountIndex)
         {
         case 0:
             desc1 += "1_thread";
             config.ThreadCount = 1;
             config.ThreadsUsingCommonAllocationsProbabilityPercent = 0;
             break;
         case 1:
             desc1 += "16_threads+0%_common";
             config.ThreadCount = 16;
             config.ThreadsUsingCommonAllocationsProbabilityPercent = 0;
             break;
         case 2:
             desc1 += "16_threads+50%_common";
             config.ThreadCount = 16;
             config.ThreadsUsingCommonAllocationsProbabilityPercent = 50;
             break;
         case 3:
             desc1 += "16_threads+100%_common";
             config.ThreadCount = 16;
             config.ThreadsUsingCommonAllocationsProbabilityPercent = 100;
             break;
         case 4:
             desc1 += "2_threads+0%_common";
             config.ThreadCount = 2;
             config.ThreadsUsingCommonAllocationsProbabilityPercent = 0;
             break;
         case 5:
             desc1 += "2_threads+50%_common";
             config.ThreadCount = 2;
             config.ThreadsUsingCommonAllocationsProbabilityPercent = 50;
             break;
         case 6:
             desc1 += "2_threads+100%_common";
             config.ThreadCount = 2;
             config.ThreadsUsingCommonAllocationsProbabilityPercent = 100;
             break;
         default:
             assert(0);
         }

         // 0 = buffers, 1 = images, 2 = buffers and images
         size_t buffersVsImagesCount = 2;
         if(ConfigType >= CONFIG_TYPE_LARGE) ++buffersVsImagesCount;
         for(size_t buffersVsImagesIndex = 0; buffersVsImagesIndex < buffersVsImagesCount; ++buffersVsImagesIndex)
         {
             std::string desc2 = desc1;
             switch(buffersVsImagesIndex)
             {
             case 0: desc2 += ",Buffers"; break;
             case 1: desc2 += ",Images"; break;
             case 2: desc2 += ",Buffers+Images"; break;
             default: assert(0);
             }

             // 0 = small, 1 = large, 2 = small and large
             size_t smallVsLargeCount = 2;
             if(ConfigType >= CONFIG_TYPE_LARGE) ++smallVsLargeCount;
             for(size_t smallVsLargeIndex = 0; smallVsLargeIndex < smallVsLargeCount; ++smallVsLargeIndex)
             {
                 std::string desc3 = desc2;
                 switch(smallVsLargeIndex)
                 {
                 case 0: desc3 += ",Small"; break;
                 case 1: desc3 += ",Large"; break;
                 case 2: desc3 += ",Small+Large"; break;
                 default: assert(0);
                 }

                 if(smallVsLargeIndex == 1 || smallVsLargeIndex == 2)
                     config.MaxBytesToAllocate = 4ull * 1024 * 1024 * 1024; // 4 GB
                 else
                     config.MaxBytesToAllocate = 4ull * 1024 * 1024;

                 // 0 = varying sizes min...max, 1 = set of constant sizes
                 size_t constantSizesCount = 1;
                 if(ConfigType >= CONFIG_TYPE_SMALL) ++constantSizesCount;
                 for(size_t constantSizesIndex = 0; constantSizesIndex < constantSizesCount; ++constantSizesIndex)
                 {
                     std::string desc4 = desc3;
                     switch(constantSizesIndex)
                     {
                     case 0: desc4 += " Varying_sizes"; break;
                     case 1: desc4 += " Constant_sizes"; break;
                     default: assert(0);
                     }

                     config.AllocationSizes.clear();
                     // Buffers present
                     if(buffersVsImagesIndex == 0 || buffersVsImagesIndex == 2)
                     {
                         // Small
                         if(smallVsLargeIndex == 0 || smallVsLargeIndex == 2)
                         {
                             // Varying size
                             if(constantSizesIndex == 0)
                                 config.AllocationSizes.push_back({4, 16, 1024});
                             // Constant sizes
                             else
                             {
                                 config.AllocationSizes.push_back({1, 16, 16});
                                 config.AllocationSizes.push_back({1, 64, 64});
                                 config.AllocationSizes.push_back({1, 256, 256});
                                 config.AllocationSizes.push_back({1, 1024, 1024});
                             }
                         }
                         // Large
                         if(smallVsLargeIndex == 1 || smallVsLargeIndex == 2)
                         {
                             // Varying size
                             if(constantSizesIndex == 0)
                                 config.AllocationSizes.push_back({4, 0x10000, 0xA00000}); // 64 KB ... 10 MB
                             // Constant sizes
                             else
                             {
                                 config.AllocationSizes.push_back({1, 0x10000, 0x10000});
                                 config.AllocationSizes.push_back({1, 0x80000, 0x80000});
                                 config.AllocationSizes.push_back({1, 0x200000, 0x200000});
                                 config.AllocationSizes.push_back({1, 0xA00000, 0xA00000});
                             }
                         }
                     }
                     // Images present
                     if(buffersVsImagesIndex == 1 || buffersVsImagesIndex == 2)
                     {
                         // Small
                         if(smallVsLargeIndex == 0 || smallVsLargeIndex == 2)
                         {
                             // Varying size
                             if(constantSizesIndex == 0)
                                 config.AllocationSizes.push_back({4, 0, 0, 4, 32});
                             // Constant sizes
                             else
                             {
                                 config.AllocationSizes.push_back({1, 0, 0,  4,  4});
                                 config.AllocationSizes.push_back({1, 0, 0,  8,  8});
                                 config.AllocationSizes.push_back({1, 0, 0, 16, 16});
                                 config.AllocationSizes.push_back({1, 0, 0, 32, 32});
                             }
                         }
                         // Large
                         if(smallVsLargeIndex == 1 || smallVsLargeIndex == 2)
                         {
                             // Varying size
                             if(constantSizesIndex == 0)
                                 config.AllocationSizes.push_back({4, 0, 0, 256, 2048});
                             // Constant sizes
                             else
                             {
                                 config.AllocationSizes.push_back({1, 0, 0,  256,  256});
                                 config.AllocationSizes.push_back({1, 0, 0,  512,  512});
                                 config.AllocationSizes.push_back({1, 0, 0, 1024, 1024});
                                 config.AllocationSizes.push_back({1, 0, 0, 2048, 2048});
                             }
                         }
                     }

                     // 0 = 100%, additional_operations = 0, 1 = 50%, 2 = 5%, 3 = 95% additional_operations = a lot
                     size_t beginBytesToAllocateCount = 1;
                     if(ConfigType >= CONFIG_TYPE_SMALL) ++beginBytesToAllocateCount;
                     if(ConfigType >= CONFIG_TYPE_AVERAGE) ++beginBytesToAllocateCount;
                     if(ConfigType >= CONFIG_TYPE_LARGE) ++beginBytesToAllocateCount;
                     for(size_t beginBytesToAllocateIndex = 0; beginBytesToAllocateIndex < beginBytesToAllocateCount; ++beginBytesToAllocateIndex)
                     {
                         std::string desc5 = desc4;

                         switch(beginBytesToAllocateIndex)
                         {
                         case 0:
                             desc5 += ",Allocate_100%";
                             config.BeginBytesToAllocate = config.MaxBytesToAllocate;
                             config.AdditionalOperationCount = 0;
                             break;
                         case 1:
                             desc5 += ",Allocate_50%+Operations";
                             config.BeginBytesToAllocate = config.MaxBytesToAllocate * 50 / 100;
                             config.AdditionalOperationCount = 1024;
                             break;
                         case 2:
                             desc5 += ",Allocate_5%+Operations";
                             config.BeginBytesToAllocate = config.MaxBytesToAllocate *  5 / 100;
                             config.AdditionalOperationCount = 1024;
                             break;
                         case 3:
                             desc5 += ",Allocate_95%+Operations";
                             config.BeginBytesToAllocate = config.MaxBytesToAllocate * 95 / 100;
                             config.AdditionalOperationCount = 1024;
                             break;
                         default:
                             assert(0);
                         }

                         for(size_t strategyIndex = 0; strategyIndex < strategyCount; ++strategyIndex)
                         {
                             std::string desc6 = desc5;
                             switch(strategyIndex)
                             {
                             case 0:
                                 desc6 += ",BestFit";
                                 config.AllocationStrategy = VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_STRATEGY_BEST_FIT_BIT;
                                 break;
                             case 1:
                                 desc6 += ",WorstFit";
                                 config.AllocationStrategy = VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_STRATEGY_WORST_FIT_BIT;
                                 break;
                             case 2:
                                 desc6 += ",FirstFit";
                                 config.AllocationStrategy = VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_STRATEGY_FIRST_FIT_BIT;
                                 break;
                             default:
                                 assert(0);
                             }

                             desc6 += ',';
                             desc6 += FREE_ORDER_NAMES[(uint32_t)config.FreeOrder];

                             const char* testDescription = desc6.c_str();

                             for(size_t repeat = 0; repeat < repeatCount; ++repeat)
                             {
                                 printf("%s #%u\n", testDescription, (uint32_t)repeat);

                                 Result result{};
                                 VkResult res = MainTest(result, config);
                                 TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
                                 if(file)
                                 {
                                     WriteMainTestResult(file, CODE_DESCRIPTION, testDescription, config, result);
                                 }
                             }
                         }
                     }
                 }
             }
         }
     }
 }

 static void PerformPoolTests(FILE* file)
 {
     const size_t AVG_RESOURCES_PER_POOL = 300;

     uint32_t repeatCount = 1;
     if(ConfigType >= CONFIG_TYPE_MAXIMUM) repeatCount = 3;

     PoolTestConfig config{};
     config.RandSeed = 2346343;
     config.FrameCount = 200;
     config.ItemsToMakeUnusedPercent = 2;

     size_t threadCountCount = 1;
     switch(ConfigType)
     {
     case CONFIG_TYPE_MINIMUM: threadCountCount = 1; break;
     case CONFIG_TYPE_SMALL:   threadCountCount = 2; break;
     case CONFIG_TYPE_AVERAGE: threadCountCount = 2; break;
     case CONFIG_TYPE_LARGE:   threadCountCount = 3; break;
     case CONFIG_TYPE_MAXIMUM: threadCountCount = 3; break;
     default: assert(0);
     }
     for(size_t threadCountIndex = 0; threadCountIndex < threadCountCount; ++threadCountIndex)
     {
         std::string desc1;

         switch(threadCountIndex)
         {
         case 0:
             desc1 += "1_thread";
             config.ThreadCount = 1;
             break;
         case 1:
             desc1 += "16_threads";
             config.ThreadCount = 16;
             break;
         case 2:
             desc1 += "2_threads";
             config.ThreadCount = 2;
             break;
         default:
             assert(0);
         }

         // 0 = buffers, 1 = images, 2 = buffers and images
         size_t buffersVsImagesCount = 2;
         if(ConfigType >= CONFIG_TYPE_LARGE) ++buffersVsImagesCount;
         for(size_t buffersVsImagesIndex = 0; buffersVsImagesIndex < buffersVsImagesCount; ++buffersVsImagesIndex)
         {
             std::string desc2 = desc1;
             switch(buffersVsImagesIndex)
             {
             case 0: desc2 += " Buffers"; break;
             case 1: desc2 += " Images"; break;
             case 2: desc2 += " Buffers+Images"; break;
             default: assert(0);
             }

             // 0 = small, 1 = large, 2 = small and large
             size_t smallVsLargeCount = 2;
             if(ConfigType >= CONFIG_TYPE_LARGE) ++smallVsLargeCount;
             for(size_t smallVsLargeIndex = 0; smallVsLargeIndex < smallVsLargeCount; ++smallVsLargeIndex)
             {
                 std::string desc3 = desc2;
                 switch(smallVsLargeIndex)
                 {
                 case 0: desc3 += " Small"; break;
                 case 1: desc3 += " Large"; break;
                 case 2: desc3 += " Small+Large"; break;
                 default: assert(0);
                 }

                 if(smallVsLargeIndex == 1 || smallVsLargeIndex == 2)
                     config.PoolSize = 6ull * 1024 * 1024 * 1024; // 6 GB
                 else
                     config.PoolSize = 4ull * 1024 * 1024;

                 // 0 = varying sizes min...max, 1 = set of constant sizes
                 size_t constantSizesCount = 1;
                 if(ConfigType >= CONFIG_TYPE_SMALL) ++constantSizesCount;
                 for(size_t constantSizesIndex = 0; constantSizesIndex < constantSizesCount; ++constantSizesIndex)
                 {
                     std::string desc4 = desc3;
                     switch(constantSizesIndex)
                     {
                     case 0: desc4 += " Varying_sizes"; break;
                     case 1: desc4 += " Constant_sizes"; break;
                     default: assert(0);
                     }

                     config.AllocationSizes.clear();
                     // Buffers present
                     if(buffersVsImagesIndex == 0 || buffersVsImagesIndex == 2)
                     {
                         // Small
                         if(smallVsLargeIndex == 0 || smallVsLargeIndex == 2)
                         {
                             // Varying size
                             if(constantSizesIndex == 0)
                                 config.AllocationSizes.push_back({4, 16, 1024});
                             // Constant sizes
                             else
                             {
                                 config.AllocationSizes.push_back({1, 16, 16});
                                 config.AllocationSizes.push_back({1, 64, 64});
                                 config.AllocationSizes.push_back({1, 256, 256});
                                 config.AllocationSizes.push_back({1, 1024, 1024});
                             }
                         }
                         // Large
                         if(smallVsLargeIndex == 1 || smallVsLargeIndex == 2)
                         {
                             // Varying size
                             if(constantSizesIndex == 0)
                                 config.AllocationSizes.push_back({4, 0x10000, 0xA00000}); // 64 KB ... 10 MB
                             // Constant sizes
                             else
                             {
                                 config.AllocationSizes.push_back({1, 0x10000, 0x10000});
                                 config.AllocationSizes.push_back({1, 0x80000, 0x80000});
                                 config.AllocationSizes.push_back({1, 0x200000, 0x200000});
                                 config.AllocationSizes.push_back({1, 0xA00000, 0xA00000});
                             }
                         }
                     }
                     // Images present
                     if(buffersVsImagesIndex == 1 || buffersVsImagesIndex == 2)
                     {
                         // Small
                         if(smallVsLargeIndex == 0 || smallVsLargeIndex == 2)
                         {
                             // Varying size
                             if(constantSizesIndex == 0)
                                 config.AllocationSizes.push_back({4, 0, 0, 4, 32});
                             // Constant sizes
                             else
                             {
                                 config.AllocationSizes.push_back({1, 0, 0,  4,  4});
                                 config.AllocationSizes.push_back({1, 0, 0,  8,  8});
                                 config.AllocationSizes.push_back({1, 0, 0, 16, 16});
                                 config.AllocationSizes.push_back({1, 0, 0, 32, 32});
                             }
                         }
                         // Large
                         if(smallVsLargeIndex == 1 || smallVsLargeIndex == 2)
                         {
                             // Varying size
                             if(constantSizesIndex == 0)
                                 config.AllocationSizes.push_back({4, 0, 0, 256, 2048});
                             // Constant sizes
                             else
                             {
                                 config.AllocationSizes.push_back({1, 0, 0,  256,  256});
                                 config.AllocationSizes.push_back({1, 0, 0,  512,  512});
                                 config.AllocationSizes.push_back({1, 0, 0, 1024, 1024});
                                 config.AllocationSizes.push_back({1, 0, 0, 2048, 2048});
                             }
                         }
                     }

                     const VkDeviceSize avgResourceSize = config.CalcAvgResourceSize();
                     config.PoolSize = avgResourceSize * AVG_RESOURCES_PER_POOL;

                     // 0 = 66%, 1 = 133%, 2 = 100%, 3 = 33%, 4 = 166%
                     size_t subscriptionModeCount;
                     switch(ConfigType)
                     {
                     case CONFIG_TYPE_MINIMUM: subscriptionModeCount = 2; break;
                     case CONFIG_TYPE_SMALL:   subscriptionModeCount = 2; break;
                     case CONFIG_TYPE_AVERAGE: subscriptionModeCount = 3; break;
                     case CONFIG_TYPE_LARGE:   subscriptionModeCount = 5; break;
                     case CONFIG_TYPE_MAXIMUM: subscriptionModeCount = 5; break;
                     default: assert(0);
                     }
                     for(size_t subscriptionModeIndex = 0; subscriptionModeIndex < subscriptionModeCount; ++subscriptionModeIndex)
                     {
                         std::string desc5 = desc4;

                         switch(subscriptionModeIndex)
                         {
                         case 0:
                             desc5 += " Subscription_66%";
                             config.UsedItemCountMax = AVG_RESOURCES_PER_POOL * 66 / 100;
                             break;
                         case 1:
                             desc5 += " Subscription_133%";
                             config.UsedItemCountMax = AVG_RESOURCES_PER_POOL * 133 / 100;
                             break;
                         case 2:
                             desc5 += " Subscription_100%";
                             config.UsedItemCountMax = AVG_RESOURCES_PER_POOL;
                             break;
                         case 3:
                             desc5 += " Subscription_33%";
                             config.UsedItemCountMax = AVG_RESOURCES_PER_POOL * 33 / 100;
                             break;
                         case 4:
                             desc5 += " Subscription_166%";
                             config.UsedItemCountMax = AVG_RESOURCES_PER_POOL * 166 / 100;
                             break;
                         default:
                             assert(0);
                         }

                         config.TotalItemCount = config.UsedItemCountMax * 5;
                         config.UsedItemCountMin = config.UsedItemCountMax * 80 / 100;

                         const char* testDescription = desc5.c_str();

                         for(size_t repeat = 0; repeat < repeatCount; ++repeat)
                         {
                             printf("%s #%u\n", testDescription, (uint32_t)repeat);

                             PoolTestResult result{};
                             g_MemoryAliasingWarningEnabled = false;
                             TestPool_Benchmark(result, config);
                             g_MemoryAliasingWarningEnabled = true;
                             WritePoolTestResult(file, CODE_DESCRIPTION, testDescription, config, result);
                         }
                     }
                 }
             }
         }
     }
 }

 static void BasicTestBuddyAllocator()
 {
     wprintf(L"Basic test buddy allocator\n");

     RandomNumberGenerator rand{76543};

     VkBufferCreateInfo sampleBufCreateInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO };
     sampleBufCreateInfo.size = 1024; // Whatever.
     sampleBufCreateInfo.usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_VERTEX_BUFFER_BIT;

     VmaAllocationCreateInfo sampleAllocCreateInfo = {};
     sampleAllocCreateInfo.usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_GPU_ONLY;

     VmaPoolCreateInfo poolCreateInfo = {};
     VkResult res = vmaFindMemoryTypeIndexForBufferInfo(g_hAllocator, &sampleBufCreateInfo, &sampleAllocCreateInfo, &poolCreateInfo.memoryTypeIndex);
     TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);

     // Deliberately adding 1023 to test usable size smaller than memory block size.
     poolCreateInfo.blockSize = 1024 * 1024 + 1023;
     poolCreateInfo.flags = VMA_POOL_CREATE_BUDDY_ALGORITHM_BIT;
     //poolCreateInfo.minBlockCount = poolCreateInfo.maxBlockCount = 1;

     VmaPool pool = nullptr;
     res = vmaCreatePool(g_hAllocator, &poolCreateInfo, &pool);
     TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);

     VkBufferCreateInfo bufCreateInfo = sampleBufCreateInfo;

     VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocCreateInfo = {};
     allocCreateInfo.pool = pool;

     std::vector<BufferInfo> bufInfo;
     BufferInfo newBufInfo;
     VmaAllocationInfo allocInfo;

     bufCreateInfo.size = 1024 * 256;
     res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo,
         &newBufInfo.Buffer, &newBufInfo.Allocation, &allocInfo);
     TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
     bufInfo.push_back(newBufInfo);

     bufCreateInfo.size = 1024 * 512;
     res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo,
         &newBufInfo.Buffer, &newBufInfo.Allocation, &allocInfo);
     TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
     bufInfo.push_back(newBufInfo);

     bufCreateInfo.size = 1024 * 128;
     res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo,
         &newBufInfo.Buffer, &newBufInfo.Allocation, &allocInfo);
     TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
     bufInfo.push_back(newBufInfo);

     // Test very small allocation, smaller than minimum node size.
     bufCreateInfo.size = 1;
     res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo,
         &newBufInfo.Buffer, &newBufInfo.Allocation, &allocInfo);
     TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
     bufInfo.push_back(newBufInfo);

     // Test some small allocation with alignment requirement.
     {
         VkMemoryRequirements memReq;
         memReq.alignment = 256;
         memReq.memoryTypeBits = UINT32_MAX;
         memReq.size = 32;

         newBufInfo.Buffer = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
         res = vmaAllocateMemory(g_hAllocator, &memReq, &allocCreateInfo,
             &newBufInfo.Allocation, &allocInfo);
         TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
         TEST(allocInfo.offset % memReq.alignment == 0);
         bufInfo.push_back(newBufInfo);
     }

     //SaveAllocatorStatsToFile(L"TEST.json");

     VmaPoolStats stats = {};
     vmaGetPoolStats(g_hAllocator, pool, &stats);
     int DBG = 0; // Set breakpoint here to inspect `stats`.

     // Allocate enough new buffers to surely fall into second block.
     for(uint32_t i = 0; i < 32; ++i)
     {
         bufCreateInfo.size = 1024 * (rand.Generate() % 32 + 1);
         res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &bufCreateInfo, &allocCreateInfo,
             &newBufInfo.Buffer, &newBufInfo.Allocation, &allocInfo);
         TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
         bufInfo.push_back(newBufInfo);
     }

     SaveAllocatorStatsToFile(L"BuddyTest01.json");

     // Destroy the buffers in random order.
     while(!bufInfo.empty())
     {
         const size_t indexToDestroy = rand.Generate() % bufInfo.size();
         const BufferInfo& currBufInfo = bufInfo[indexToDestroy];
         vmaDestroyBuffer(g_hAllocator, currBufInfo.Buffer, currBufInfo.Allocation);
         bufInfo.erase(bufInfo.begin() + indexToDestroy);
     }

     vmaDestroyPool(g_hAllocator, pool);
 }

 static void BasicTestAllocatePages()
 {
     wprintf(L"Basic test allocate pages\n");

     RandomNumberGenerator rand{765461};

     VkBufferCreateInfo sampleBufCreateInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO };
     sampleBufCreateInfo.size = 1024; // Whatever.
     sampleBufCreateInfo.usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT;

     VmaAllocationCreateInfo sampleAllocCreateInfo = {};
     sampleAllocCreateInfo.usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_CPU_ONLY;

     VmaPoolCreateInfo poolCreateInfo = {};
     VkResult res = vmaFindMemoryTypeIndexForBufferInfo(g_hAllocator, &sampleBufCreateInfo, &sampleAllocCreateInfo, &poolCreateInfo.memoryTypeIndex);
     TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);

     // 1 block of 1 MB.
     poolCreateInfo.blockSize = 1024 * 1024;
     poolCreateInfo.minBlockCount = poolCreateInfo.maxBlockCount = 1;

     // Create pool.
     VmaPool pool = nullptr;
     res = vmaCreatePool(g_hAllocator, &poolCreateInfo, &pool);
     TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);

     // Make 100 allocations of 4 KB - they should fit into the pool.
     VkMemoryRequirements memReq;
     memReq.memoryTypeBits = UINT32_MAX;
     memReq.alignment = 4 * 1024;
     memReq.size = 4 * 1024;

     VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocCreateInfo = {};
     allocCreateInfo.flags = VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_MAPPED_BIT;
     allocCreateInfo.pool = pool;

     constexpr uint32_t allocCount = 100;

     std::vector<VmaAllocation> alloc{allocCount};
     std::vector<VmaAllocationInfo> allocInfo{allocCount};
     res = vmaAllocateMemoryPages(g_hAllocator, &memReq, &allocCreateInfo, allocCount, alloc.data(), allocInfo.data());
     TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
     for(uint32_t i = 0; i < allocCount; ++i)
     {
         TEST(alloc[i] != VK_NULL_HANDLE &&
             allocInfo[i].pMappedData != nullptr &&
             allocInfo[i].deviceMemory == allocInfo[0].deviceMemory &&
             allocInfo[i].memoryType == allocInfo[0].memoryType);
     }

     // Free the allocations.
     vmaFreeMemoryPages(g_hAllocator, allocCount, alloc.data());
     std::fill(alloc.begin(), alloc.end(), nullptr);
     std::fill(allocInfo.begin(), allocInfo.end(), VmaAllocationInfo{});

     // Try to make 100 allocations of 100 KB. This call should fail due to not enough memory.
     // Also test optional allocationInfo = null.
     memReq.size = 100 * 1024;
     res = vmaAllocateMemoryPages(g_hAllocator, &memReq, &allocCreateInfo, allocCount, alloc.data(), nullptr);
     TEST(res != VK_SUCCESS);
     TEST(std::find_if(alloc.begin(), alloc.end(), [](VmaAllocation alloc){ return alloc != VK_NULL_HANDLE; }) == alloc.end());

     // Make 100 allocations of 4 KB, but with required alignment of 128 KB. This should also fail.
     memReq.size = 4 * 1024;
     memReq.alignment = 128 * 1024;
     res = vmaAllocateMemoryPages(g_hAllocator, &memReq, &allocCreateInfo, allocCount, alloc.data(), allocInfo.data());
     TEST(res != VK_SUCCESS);

     // Make 100 dedicated allocations of 4 KB.
     memReq.alignment = 4 * 1024;
     memReq.size = 4 * 1024;

     VmaAllocationCreateInfo dedicatedAllocCreateInfo = {};
     dedicatedAllocCreateInfo.usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_CPU_ONLY;
     dedicatedAllocCreateInfo.flags = VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_MAPPED_BIT | VMA_ALLOCATION_CREATE_DEDICATED_MEMORY_BIT;
     res = vmaAllocateMemoryPages(g_hAllocator, &memReq, &dedicatedAllocCreateInfo, allocCount, alloc.data(), allocInfo.data());
     TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);
     for(uint32_t i = 0; i < allocCount; ++i)
     {
         TEST(alloc[i] != VK_NULL_HANDLE &&
             allocInfo[i].pMappedData != nullptr &&
             allocInfo[i].memoryType == allocInfo[0].memoryType &&
             allocInfo[i].offset == 0);
         if(i > 0)
         {
             TEST(allocInfo[i].deviceMemory != allocInfo[0].deviceMemory);
         }
     }

     // Free the allocations.
     vmaFreeMemoryPages(g_hAllocator, allocCount, alloc.data());
     std::fill(alloc.begin(), alloc.end(), nullptr);
     std::fill(allocInfo.begin(), allocInfo.end(), VmaAllocationInfo{});

     vmaDestroyPool(g_hAllocator, pool);
 }

 // Test the testing environment.
 static void TestGpuData()
 {
     RandomNumberGenerator rand = { 53434 };

     std::vector<AllocInfo> allocInfo;

     for(size_t i = 0; i < 100; ++i)
     {
         AllocInfo info = {};

         info.m_BufferInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO;
         info.m_BufferInfo.usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT |
             VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT |
             VK_BUFFER_USAGE_VERTEX_BUFFER_BIT;
         info.m_BufferInfo.size = 1024 * 1024 * (rand.Generate() % 9 + 1);

         VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocCreateInfo = {};
         allocCreateInfo.usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_GPU_ONLY;

         VkResult res = vmaCreateBuffer(g_hAllocator, &info.m_BufferInfo, &allocCreateInfo, &info.m_Buffer, &info.m_Allocation, nullptr);
         TEST(res == VK_SUCCESS);

         info.m_StartValue = rand.Generate();

         allocInfo.push_back(std::move(info));
     }

     UploadGpuData(allocInfo.data(), allocInfo.size());

     ValidateGpuData(allocInfo.data(), allocInfo.size());

     DestroyAllAllocations(allocInfo);
 }

 void Test()
 {
     wprintf(L"TESTING:\n");

     if(false)
     {
         ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
         // Temporarily insert custom tests here:
         return;
     }

     // # Simple tests

     TestBasics();
     //TestGpuData(); // Not calling this because it's just testing the testing environment.
 #if VMA_DEBUG_MARGIN
     TestDebugMargin();
 #else
     TestPool_SameSize();
     TestHeapSizeLimit();
     TestResize();
 #endif
 #if VMA_DEBUG_INITIALIZE_ALLOCATIONS
     TestAllocationsInitialization();
 #endif
     TestMapping();
     TestMappingMultithreaded();
     TestLinearAllocator();
     ManuallyTestLinearAllocator();
     TestLinearAllocatorMultiBlock();

     BasicTestBuddyAllocator();
     BasicTestAllocatePages();

     {
         FILE* file;
         fopen_s(&file, "Algorithms.csv", "w");
         assert(file != NULL);
         BenchmarkAlgorithms(file);
         fclose(file);
     }

     TestDefragmentationSimple();
     TestDefragmentationFull();
     TestDefragmentationWholePool();
     TestDefragmentationGpu();

     // # Detailed tests
     FILE* file;
     fopen_s(&file, "Results.csv", "w");
     assert(file != NULL);

     WriteMainTestResultHeader(file);
     PerformMainTests(file);
     //PerformCustomMainTest(file);

     WritePoolTestResultHeader(file);
     PerformPoolTests(file);
     //PerformCustomPoolTest(file);

     fclose(file);

     wprintf(L"Done.\n");
 }

 #endif // #ifdef _WIN32