# Usage

Inherit the `Xbyak::CodeGenerator` class and define a class method.
```cpp
#include <xbyak/xbyak.h>

struct Code : Xbyak::CodeGenerator {
    Code(int x)
    {
        mov(eax, x);
        ret();
    }
};
```
Alternatively, you can pass an instance of `CodeGenerator` without inheriting.
```cpp
void genCode(Xbyak::CodeGenerator& code, int x) {
    using namespace Xbyak::util;
    code.mov(eax, x);
    code.ret();
}
```

Create an instance of the class, obtain the function pointer by calling `getCode()`, and invoke it.
```cpp
Code c(5);
int (*f)() = c.getCode<int (*)()>();
printf("ret=%d\n", f()); // ret = 5
```

**Note**: For security considerations and memory protection modes, see the [Read/Exec mode](#readexec-mode) section.

## Syntax
The syntax is similar to MASM/NASM, but uses parentheses for function-like expressions.

```cpp
NASM              Xbyak
mov eax, ebx  --> mov(eax, ebx);
inc ecx           inc(ecx);
ret           --> ret();
```

## Addressing
Use `qword`, `dword`, `word`, or `byte` to specify the memory size explicitly. If the size is not specified, `ptr` is used by default.

```cpp
(ptr|qword|dword|word|byte) [base + index * (1|2|4|8) + displacement]
                            [rip + 32bit disp] ; x64 only

NASM                   Xbyak
mov eax, [ebx+ecx] --> mov(eax, ptr [ebx+ecx]);
mov al, [ebx+ecx]  --> mov(al, ptr [ebx + ecx]);
test byte [esp], 4 --> test(byte [esp], 4);
inc qword [rax]    --> inc(qword [rax]);
```

**Note**: `qword`, ... are member variables, then don't use `dword` as unsigned int type.

### How to use Selector (Segment Register)
```cpp
mov eax, [fs:eax] --> putSeg(fs);
                      mov(eax, ptr [eax]);
mov ax, cs        --> mov(ax, cs);
```

**Note**: Segment class is not derived from `Operand`.

## AVX

```cpp
vaddps(xmm1, xmm2, xmm3); // xmm1 <- xmm2 + xmm3
vaddps(xmm2, xmm3, ptr [rax]); // use ptr to access memory
vgatherdpd(xmm1, ptr [ebp + 256 + xmm2*4], xmm3);
```

**Note**:
If `XBYAK_ENABLE_OMITTED_OPERAND` is defined, you can use the two-operand version for backward compatibility.
But the newer version will not support it.
```cpp
vaddps(xmm2, xmm3); // xmm2 <- xmm2 + xmm3
```

## AVX-512

```cpp
vaddpd zmm2, zmm5, zmm30                --> vaddpd(zmm2, zmm5, zmm30);
vaddpd xmm30, xmm20, [rax]              --> vaddpd(xmm30, xmm20, ptr [rax]);
vaddps xmm30, xmm20, [rax]              --> vaddps(xmm30, xmm20, ptr [rax]);
vaddpd zmm2{k5}, zmm4, zmm2             --> vaddpd(zmm2 | k5, zmm4, zmm2);
vaddpd zmm2{k5}{z}, zmm4, zmm2          --> vaddpd(zmm2 | k5 | T_z, zmm4, zmm2);
vaddpd zmm2{k5}{z}, zmm4, zmm2,{rd-sae} --> vaddpd(zmm2 | k5 | T_z, zmm4, zmm2 | T_rd_sae);
                                            vaddpd(zmm2 | k5 | T_z | T_rd_sae, zmm4, zmm2); // the position of `|` is arbitrary.
vcmppd k4{k3}, zmm1, zmm2, {sae}, 5     --> vcmppd(k4 | k3, zmm1, zmm2 | T_sae, 5);

vaddpd xmm1, xmm2, [rax+256]            --> vaddpd(xmm1, xmm2, ptr [rax+256]);
vaddpd xmm1, xmm2, [rax+256]{1to2}      --> vaddpd(xmm1, xmm2, ptr_b [rax+256]);
vaddpd ymm1, ymm2, [rax+256]{1to4}      --> vaddpd(ymm1, ymm2, ptr_b [rax+256]);
vaddpd zmm1, zmm2, [rax+256]{1to8}      --> vaddpd(zmm1, zmm2, ptr_b [rax+256]);
vaddps zmm1, zmm2, [rax+rcx*8+8]{1to16} --> vaddps(zmm1, zmm2, ptr_b [rax+rcx*8+8]);
vmovsd [rax]{k1}, xmm4                  --> vmovsd(ptr [rax] | k1, xmm4);

vcvtpd2dq xmm16, oword [eax+33]         --> vcvtpd2dq(xmm16, xword [eax+33]); // use xword for m128 instead of oword
                                            vcvtpd2dq(xmm16, ptr [eax+33]); // default xword
vcvtpd2dq xmm21, [eax+32]{1to2}         --> vcvtpd2dq(xmm21, ptr_b [eax+32]);
vcvtpd2dq xmm0, yword [eax+33]          --> vcvtpd2dq(xmm0, yword [eax+33]); // use yword for m256
vcvtpd2dq xmm19, [eax+32]{1to4}         --> vcvtpd2dq(xmm19, yword_b [eax+32]); // use yword_b to broadcast

vfpclassps k5{k3}, zword [rax+64], 5    --> vfpclassps(k5|k3, zword [rax+64], 5); // specify m512
vfpclasspd k5{k3}, [rax+64]{1to2}, 5    --> vfpclasspd(k5|k3, xword_b [rax+64], 5); // broadcast 64-bit to 128-bit
vfpclassps k5{k3}, [rax+64]{1to4}, 5    --> vfpclassps(k5|k3, yword_b [rax+64], 5); // broadcast 64-bit to 256-bit
```

### Remark
* `k1`, ..., `k7` are opmask registers.
  - `k0` is dealt as no mask.
  - e.g. `vmovaps(zmm0|k0, ptr[rax]);` and `vmovaps(zmm0|T_z, ptr[rax]);` are same to `vmovaps(zmm0, ptr[rax]);`.
* use `| T_z`, `| T_sae`, `| T_rn_sae`, `| T_rd_sae`, `| T_ru_sae`, `| T_rz_sae` instead of `,{z}`, `,{sae}`, `,{rn-sae}`, `,{rd-sae}`, `,{ru-sae}`, `,{rz-sae}` respectively.
* `k4 | k3` is different from `k3 | k4`.
* use `ptr_b` for broadcast `{1toX}`. X is automatically determined.
* specify `xword`/`yword`/`zword(_b)` for m128/m256/m512 if necessary.

## Selecting AVX512-VNNI, AVX-VNNI, AVX-VNNI-INT8, AVX10.2.
Some mnemonics have some types of encodings: VEX, EVEX, AVX10.2.
The functions for these mnemonics include an optional parameter as the last argument to specify the encoding.
The default behavior depends on the order in which the instruction was introduced (whether VEX, EVEX or AVX10.2 came first),
and can be specified using setDefaultEncoding.

```cpp
vpdpbusd(xm0, xm1, xm2); // default encoding: EVEX (AVX512-VNNI)
vpdpbusd(xm0, xm1, xm2, EvexEncoding); // same as the above
vpdpbusd(xm0, xm1, xm2, VexEncoding); // VEX (AVX-VNNI)
setDefaultEncoding(VexEncoding); // change default encoding
vpdpbusd(xm0, xm1, xm2); // VEX

vmpsadbw(xm1, xm3, xm15, 3); // default encoding: AVX
vmpsadbw(xm1, xm3, xm15, 3, PreAVX10v2Encoding); // same as the above
vmpsadbw(xm1, xm3, xm15, 3, AVX10v2Encoding); // AVX10.2
setDefaultEncodingAVX10(AVX10v2Encoding); // change default encoding
vmpsadbw(xm1, xm3, xm15, 3); // AVX10.2
```

- `setDefaultEncoding(PreferredEncoding enc = EvexEncoding)`
  - Configure encoding for AVX512-VNNI or AVX-VNNI instructions.
- `setDefaultEncodingAVX10(PreferredEncoding enc = PreAVXv2Encoding)`
  - Configure encoding for pre-AVX10.2 and AVX10.2 instructions.

`setDefaultEncoding`|EvexEncoding (default)|VexEncoding
-|-|-
feature|AVX512-VNNI|AVX-VNNI

- Target functions: vpdpbusd, vpdpbusds, vpdpwssd, vpdpwssds

`setDefaultEncodingAVX10`|PreAVX10v2Encoding (default)|AVX10v2Encoding
-|-|-
feature|AVX-VNNI-INT8, AVX512-FP16|AVX10.2

- Target functions: vmpsadbw, vpdpbssd, vpdpbssds, vpdpbsud, vpdpbsuds, vpdpbuud, vpdpbuuds, vpdpwsud vpdpwsuds vpdpwusd vpdpwusds vpdpwuud, vpdpwuuds and vmovd, vmovw with MEM-to-MEM.

### Remark

1. `vmovd` and `vmovw` instructions with REG-to-XMM or XMM-to-REG operands are always encoded using AVX10.1.
When used with XMM-to-XMM operands, these instructions are always encoded using AVX10.2.

2. `vmovd` and `vmovw` instructions with XMM-to-MEM or MEM-to-XMM operands support multiple encoding formats, including AVX, AVX512F, AVX512-FP16, and AVX10.2.

Initially, I tried implementing `setDefaultEncodingAVX10` using `EvexEncoding` (resp. `VexEncoding`) instead of `AVX10v2Encoding` (resp. `EvexEncoding`).
However, I abandoned this approach after discovering the complexity of the encoding requirements of `vmovd` and `vmovw`.

## APX
[Advanced Performance Extensions (APX) Architecture Specification](https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/content-details/786223/intel-advanced-performance-extensions-intel-apx-architecture-specification.html)
- Support 64-bit 16 additional GPRs (general-purpose registers) r16, ..., r31
  - 32-bit regs are r16d, ..., r31d
  - 16-bit regs are r16w, ..., r31w
  - 8-bit regs are r16b, ..., r31b
  - `add(r20, r21);`
  - `lea(r30, ptr[r29+r31]);`
- Support three-operand instruction
  - `add(r20, r21, r23);`
  - `add(r20, ptr[rax + rcx * 8 + 0x1234], r23);`
- Support T_nf for NF=1 (status flags update suppression)
  - `add(r20|T_nf, r21, r23);` // Set EVEX.NF=1
- Support T_zu for NF=ZU (zero upper) for imul and setcc
  - `imul(ax|T_zu, cx, 0x1234);` // Set ND=ZU
  - `imul(ax|T_zu|T_nf, cx, 0x1234);` // Set ND=ZU and EVEX.NF=1
  - `setb(r31b|T_zu);` // same as set(r31b); movzx(r31, r31b);
  - See [sample/zero_upper.cpp](../sample/zero_upper.cpp)

### ccmpSCC and ctestSCC

- ccmpSCC(op1, op2, dfv = 0); // eflags = eflags == SCC ? cmp(op1, op2) : dfv
- ctestSCC(op1, op2, dfv = 0); // eflags = eflags == SCC ? test(op1, op2) : dfv
- SCC means source condition code such as z, a, gt.
- See [sample/ccmp.cpp](../sample/ccmp.cpp)
- Specify the union of T_of(=8), T_sf(=4), T_zf(=2), or T_cf(=1) for dfv.


## Label
Two types of labels are supported: string literals and the `Label` class.

### String literal
```cpp
L("L1");
  jmp("L1");

  jmp("L2");
  ...
  a few mnemonics (8-bit displacement jmp)
  ...
L("L2");

  jmp("L3", T_NEAR);
  ...
  a lot of mnemonics (32-bit displacement jmp)
  ...
L("L3");
```

* Call `hasUndefinedLabel()` to verify your code has no undefined label.
* you can use a label for immediate value of mov like as `mov(eax, "L2")`.

### Support `@@`, `@f`, `@b` like MASM

```cpp
L("@@"); // <A>
  jmp("@b"); // jmp to <A>
  jmp("@f"); // jmp to <B>
L("@@"); // <B>
  jmp("@b"); // jmp to <B>
  mov(eax, "@b");
  jmp(eax); // jmp to <B>
```

### Local label

Label symbols beginning with a period between `inLocalLabel()` and `outLocalLabel()`
are treated as a local label.
`inLocalLabel()` and `outLocalLabel()` can be nested.

```cpp
void func1()
{
    inLocalLabel();
  L(".lp"); // <A> ; local label
    ...
    jmp(".lp"); // jmp to <A>
  L("aaa"); // global label <C>
    outLocalLabel();

    inLocalLabel();
  L(".lp"); // <B> ; local label
    func1();
    jmp(".lp"); // jmp to <B>
    inLocalLabel();
    jmp("aaa"); // jmp to <C>
}
```

### short and long jump
Xbyak deals with jump mnemonics of an undefined label as short jump if no type is specified.
So if the size between jmp and label is larger than 127 byte, then xbyak will cause an error.

```cpp
jmp("short-jmp"); // short jmp
// small code
L("short-jmp");

jmp("long-jmp");
// long code
L("long-jmp"); // throw exception
```

Then specify T_NEAR for jmp.
```cpp
jmp("long-jmp", T_NEAR); // long jmp
// long code
L("long-jmp");
```

Or call `setDefaultJmpNEAR(true);` once, then the default type is set to T_NEAR.
```cpp
jmp("long-jmp"); // long jmp
// long code
L("long-jmp");
```

### Label class

`L()` and `jxx()` support Label class.

```cpp
  Xbyak::Label label1, label2;
L(label1);
  ...
  jmp(label1);
  ...
  jmp(label2);
  ...
L(label2);
```

Use `putL` for jmp table
```cpp
    Label labelTbl, L0, L1, L2;
    mov(rax, labelTbl);
    // rdx is an index of jump table
    jmp(ptr [rax + rdx * sizeof(void*)]);
L(labelTbl);
    putL(L0);
    putL(L1);
    putL(L2);
L(L0);
    ....
L(L1);
    ....
```

`assignL(dstLabel, srcLabel)` binds dstLabel with srcLabel.

```cpp
  Label label2;
  Label label1 = L(); // make label1 ; same to Label label1; L(label1);
  ...
  jmp(label2); // label2 is not determined here
  ...
  assignL(label2, label1); // label2 <- label1
```
The `jmp` in the above code jumps to label1 assigned by `assignL`.

**Note**:
* srcLabel must be used in `L()`.
* dstLabel must not be used in `L()`.

`Label::getAddress()` returns the address specified by the label instance and 0 if not specified.
```cpp
// not AutoGrow mode
Label  label;
assert(label.getAddress() == 0);
L(label);
assert(label.getAddress() == getCurr());
```

### Rip ; relative addressing
```cpp
Label label;
mov(eax, ptr [rip + label]); // eax = 4
...

L(label);
dd(4);
```
```cpp
int x;
...
  mov(eax, ptr[rip + &x]); // throw exception if the difference between &x and current position is larger than 2GiB
```

### Addressing with Label
The Label class can be used for addressing displacement.
However, in 64-bit mode, `dataL.getAddress()` must be 2GiB or less.

```cpp
Label dataL;

  mov(eax, ptr[dataL+ecx*4]);
  ...
L(dataL);
  for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
    dd(i);
  }
  ...
```

Only the form `mov((al|ax|eax|rax), ptr[label])` can be used even if the label exceeds 2GiB.

## Far jump

Use `word|dword|qword` instead of `ptr` to specify the address size.

### 32 bit mode
```cpp
jmp(word[eax], T_FAR);  // jmp m16:16(FF /5)
jmp(dword[eax], T_FAR); // jmp m16:32(FF /5)
```

### 64 bit mode
```cpp
jmp(word[rax], T_FAR);  // jmp m16:16(FF /5)
jmp(dword[rax], T_FAR); // jmp m16:32(FF /5)
jmp(qword[rax], T_FAR); // jmp m16:64(REX.W FF /5)
```
The same applies to `call`.

## Code size
The default max code size is 4096 bytes.
Specify the size in the constructor of `CodeGenerator()` if needed.

```cpp
class Quantize : public Xbyak::CodeGenerator {
public:
  Quantize()
    : CodeGenerator(8192)
  {
  }
  ...
};
```

## User allocated memory

You can make jit code on prepared memory.

Call `setProtectModeRE` yourself to change memory mode if using the prepared memory.

```cpp
uint8_t alignas(4096) buf[8192]; // C++11 or later

struct Code : Xbyak::CodeGenerator {
    Code() : Xbyak::CodeGenerator(sizeof(buf), buf)
    {
        mov(rax, 123);
        ret();
    }
};

int main()
{
    Code c;
    c.setProtectModeRE(); // set memory to Read/Exec
    printf("%d\n", c.getCode<int(*)()>()());
}
```

**Note**: See [../sample/test0.cpp](../sample/test0.cpp).

### AutoGrow

The memory region for jit is automatically extended if necessary when `AutoGrow` is specified in a constructor of `CodeGenerator`.

Call `ready()` or `readyRE()` before calling `getCode()` to fix jump address.
```cpp
struct Code : Xbyak::CodeGenerator {
  Code()
    : Xbyak::CodeGenerator(<default memory size>, Xbyak::AutoGrow)
  {
     ...
  }
};
Code c;
// generate code for jit
c.ready(); // mode = Read/Write/Exec
```

**Note**:
* Don't use the address returned by `getCurr()` before calling `ready()` because it may be invalid address.

### Read/Exec mode
Xbyak set Read/Write/Exec mode to memory to run jit code.
If you want to use Read/Exec mode for security, then specify `DontSetProtectRWE` for `CodeGenerator` and
call `setProtectModeRE()` after generating jit code.

```cpp
struct Code : Xbyak::CodeGenerator {
    Code()
        : Xbyak::CodeGenerator(4096, Xbyak::DontSetProtectRWE)
    {
        mov(eax, 123);
        ret();
    }
};

Code c;
c.setProtectModeRE();
...

```
Call `readyRE()` instead of `ready()` when using `AutoGrow` mode.
See [protect-re.cpp](../sample/protect-re.cpp).

## Exception-less mode
If `XBYAK_NO_EXCEPTION` is defined, then gcc/clang can compile xbyak with `-fno-exceptions`.
In stead of throwing an exception, `Xbyak::GetError()` returns non-zero value (e.g. `ERR_BAD_ADDRESSING`) if there is something wrong.
The status will not be changed automatically, then you should reset it by `Xbyak::ClearError()`.
`CodeGenerator::reset()` calls `ClearError()`.

## Macro

* **XBYAK32** is defined on 32bit.
* **XBYAK64** is defined on 64bit.
* **XBYAK64_WIN** is defined on 64bit Windows(VC).
* **XBYAK64_GCC** is defined on 64bit gcc, cygwin.
* define **XBYAK_USE_OP_NAMES** on gcc with `-fno-operator-names` if you want to use `and()`, ....
* define **XBYAK_ENABLE_OMITTED_OPERAND** if you use omitted destination such as `vaddps(xmm2, xmm3);`(deprecated in the future).
* define **XBYAK_UNDEF_JNL** if Bessel function jnl is defined as macro.
* define **XBYAK_NO_EXCEPTION** for a compiler option `-fno-exceptions`.
* define **XBYAK_USE_MEMFD** on Linux then /proc/self/maps shows the area used by xbyak.
* define **XBYAK_OLD_DISP_CHECK** if the old disp check is necessary (deprecated in the future).

## Sample

* [test0.cpp](../sample/test0.cpp) ; tiny sample (x86, x64)
* [quantize.cpp](../sample/quantize.cpp) ; JIT optimized quantization by fast division (x86 only)
* [calc.cpp](../sample/calc.cpp) ; assemble and estimate a given polynomial (x86, x64)
* [bf.cpp](../sample/bf.cpp) ; JIT brainfuck (x86, x64)