Enable partition_alloc on all possible platforms.

This enables PartitionAlloc as the default memory allocator on
supported platforms by updating compiler configurations and aligning
Apple ARC build settings.

Exclusions:
- MSVC compiler (Windows)
- Apple's Xcode Clang (macOS / iOS)
- Emscripten WebAssembly
- Windows Debug CRT builds
- Builds with sanitizers enabled

Bug: 351867706
Change-Id: I26d8a14104cf2c38d9b7f52bd11a31da3d3c3d3c
Reviewed-on: https://skia-review.googlesource.com/c/skia/+/1260417
Commit-Queue: Arthur Sonzogni <arthursonzogni@chromium.org>
Reviewed-by: Kaylee Lubick <kjlubick@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Greg Daniel <egdaniel@google.com>