/*
*******************************************************************************
*
*   Copyright (C) 2005, International Business Machines
*   Corporation and others.  All Rights Reserved.
*
*******************************************************************************
*   file name:  utext.cpp
*   encoding:   US-ASCII
*   tab size:   8 (not used)
*   indentation:4
*
*   created on: 2005apr12
*   created by: Markus W. Scherer
*/

#include "unicode/utypes.h"
#include "unicode/ustring.h"
#include "unicode/unistr.h"
#include "unicode/utext.h"
#include "ustr_imp.h"
#include "cmemory.h"
#include "cstring.h"
#include "uassert.h"


#define I32_FLAG(bitIndex) ((int32_t)1<<(bitIndex))


static UBool
utext_access(UText *ut, int32_t index, UBool forward) {
    return ut->access(ut, index, forward, &ut->chunk);
}


U_DRAFT UBool U_EXPORT2
utext_moveIndex32(UText *ut, int32_t delta) {
    UBool retval = TRUE;
    if(delta>0) {
        do {
            if(ut->chunk.offset>=ut->chunk.length && !utext_access(ut, ut->chunk.nativeLimit, TRUE)) {
                retval = FALSE;
                break;
            }
            U16_FWD_1(ut->chunk.contents, ut->chunk.offset, ut->chunk.length);
        } while(--delta>0);
    } else if (delta<0) {
        do {
            if(ut->chunk.offset<=0 && !utext_access(ut, ut->chunk.nativeStart, FALSE)) {
                retval = FALSE;
                break;
            }
            U16_BACK_1(ut->chunk.contents, 0, ut->chunk.offset);
        } while(++delta<0);
    }   

    return retval;
}


U_DRAFT int32_t U_EXPORT2
utext_nativeLength(UText *ut) {
    return ut->nativeLength(ut);
}


U_DRAFT UBool U_EXPORT2
utext_isLengthExpensive(const UText *ut) {
    UBool r = (ut->providerProperties & I32_FLAG(UTEXT_PROVIDER_LENGTH_IS_EXPENSIVE)) != 0;
    return r;
}


U_DRAFT int32_t U_EXPORT2
utext_getNativeIndex(UText *ut) {
    if(!ut->chunk.nonUTF16Indexes || ut->chunk.offset==0) {
        return ut->chunk.nativeStart+ut->chunk.offset;
    } else {
        return ut->mapOffsetToNative(ut, ut->chunk.offset);
    }
}


U_DRAFT void U_EXPORT2
utext_setNativeIndex(UText *ut, int32_t index) {
    if(index<ut->chunk.nativeStart || ut->chunk.nativeLimit<index) {
        // The desired position is outside of the current chunk.  
        // Access the new position.  Assume a forward iteration from here,
        // which will also be optimimum for a single random access.
        // Reverse iterations may suffer slightly.
        ut->access(ut, index, TRUE, &ut->chunk);
    } else if(ut->chunk.nonUTF16Indexes) {
        ut->chunk.offset=ut->mapNativeIndexToUTF16(ut, index);
    } else {
        ut->chunk.offset=index-ut->chunk.nativeStart;
        // Our convention is that the index must always be on a code point boundary.
        //  If we are somewhere in the middle of a utf-16 buffer, check that new index
        //  is not in the middle of a surrogate pair.
        if (index>ut->chunk.nativeStart && index < ut->chunk.nativeLimit) {
            UChar c = ut->chunk.contents[ut->chunk.offset];
            if (U16_TRAIL(c)) {
                utext_current32(ut);  // force index to the start of the curent code point.
            }
        }
    }
}


U_DRAFT UChar32 U_EXPORT2
utext_current32(UText *ut) {
    UChar32  c = U_SENTINEL;
    if (ut->chunk.offset==ut->chunk.length) {
        // Current position is just off the end of the chunk.
        // Can also happen at startup, with a zero length chunk at zero offset.
        ut->access(ut, ut->chunk.nativeLimit, TRUE, &ut->chunk);
    }
    if (ut->chunk.offset < ut->chunk.length) {
        c = ut->chunk.contents[ut->chunk.offset];
        if (U16_IS_SURROGATE(c)) {
            // looking at a surrogate.  Could be unpaired, need to be careful.
            // Speed doesn't matter, will be very rare.
            UChar32  char16AtIndex = c;
            U16_GET(ut->chunk.contents, 0, ut->chunk.offset, ut->chunk.length, c);
            if (U16_IS_TRAIL(char16AtIndex) && U_IS_SUPPLEMENTARY(c)) {
                // Incoming position pointed to the trailing part of a  supplementary pair.
                // Move offset to point to the lead surrogate.  This is needed because utext_current()
                // is used internally to force code point alignment.  When called from
                // the outside we should always be pre-aligned, but this check doesn't hurt.
                ut->chunk.offset--;
            }
        }
    }
    return c;
}


U_DRAFT UChar32 U_EXPORT2
utext_char32At(UText *ut, int32_t nativeIndex) {
    UChar32 c = U_SENTINEL;
    utext_setNativeIndex(ut, nativeIndex);
    if (ut->chunk.offset < ut->chunk.length) {
        c = ut->chunk.contents[ut->chunk.offset];
        if (c >= 0xd800) {
            c = utext_current32(ut);
        }
    }
    return c;
}


U_DRAFT UChar32 U_EXPORT2
utext_next32(UText *ut) {
    UTextChunk   *chunk  = &ut->chunk;
    UChar32       c      = U_SENTINEL;

    if (chunk->offset >= chunk->length) {
        if (ut->access(ut, chunk->nativeLimit, TRUE, chunk) == FALSE) {
            goto next32_return;
        }
    }
            
    c = chunk->contents[chunk->offset++];
    if (U16_IS_SURROGATE(c)) {
        // looking at a surrogate.  Could be unpaired, need to be careful.
        // Speed doesn't matter, will be very rare.
        chunk->offset--;
        c =  utext_current32(ut);
        chunk->offset++;
        if (U_IS_SUPPLEMENTARY(c)) {
            chunk->offset++;
        }
    }

next32_return:
    return c;
}


U_DRAFT UChar32 U_EXPORT2
utext_previous32(UText *ut) {
    UTextChunk   *chunk  = &ut->chunk;
    int32_t       offset = chunk->offset;
    UChar32       c      = U_SENTINEL;

    if (offset <= 0) {
        if (ut->access(ut, chunk->nativeStart, FALSE, chunk) == FALSE) {
            goto prev32_return;
        }
        offset = chunk->offset;
    }
            
    c = chunk->contents[--offset];
    chunk->offset = offset;
    if (U16_IS_SURROGATE(c)) {
        // Note that utext_current() will move the chunk offset to the lead surrogate
        // if we come in referring to trail half of a surrogate pair.
        c =  utext_current32(ut);
    } 

prev32_return:
    return c;
}


U_DRAFT UChar32 U_EXPORT2
utext_next32From(UText *ut, int32_t index) {
    UTextChunk   *chunk  = &ut->chunk;
    UChar32       c      = U_SENTINEL;

    if(index<chunk->nativeStart || index>=chunk->nativeLimit) {
        if(!ut->access(ut, index, TRUE, chunk)) {
            // no chunk available here
            goto next32return;
        }
    } else if(chunk->nonUTF16Indexes) {
        chunk->offset = ut->mapNativeIndexToUTF16(ut, index);
    } else {
        chunk->offset = index - chunk->nativeStart;
    }

    c = chunk->contents[chunk->offset++];
    if (U16_IS_SURROGATE(c)) {
        // Surrogate code unit.  Speed doesn't matter, let plain next32() do the work.
        chunk->offset--;  // undo the ++, above.
        c = utext_next32(ut);  
    }
next32return:
    return c;
}


U_DRAFT UChar32 U_EXPORT2
utext_previous32From(UText *ut, int32_t index) {
    UTextChunk *chunk = &ut->chunk;
    UChar32     c     = U_SENTINEL;

    if(index<=chunk->nativeStart || index>chunk->nativeLimit) {
        // Requested native index is outside of the current chunk.
        if(!ut->access(ut, index, FALSE, chunk)) {
            // no chunk available here
            goto prev32return;
        }
    } else if(chunk->nonUTF16Indexes) {
        chunk->offset=ut->mapNativeIndexToUTF16(ut, index);
    } else {
        // This chunk uses UTF-16 indexing.  Index into it.
        chunk->offset = index - chunk->nativeStart;
        // put offset onto a code point boundary if it isn't there already.
        if (index>ut->chunk.nativeStart && index < ut->chunk.nativeLimit) {
            c = chunk->contents[chunk->offset];
            if (U16_TRAIL(c)) {
                utext_current32(ut);  // force index to the start of the curent code point.
            }
        }
    }

    if (chunk->offset<=0) {
        // already at the start of text.  Return U_SENTINEL.
        goto prev32return;
    }

    // Do the operation assuming that there are no surrogates involved.  Fast, common case.
    chunk->offset--;
    c = chunk->contents[chunk->offset];

    // Check for the char being a surrogate, get the whole char if it is.
    if (U16_IS_SURROGATE(c)) {
        c =  utext_current32(ut);
    }

prev32return:
    return c;
}


U_DRAFT int32_t U_EXPORT2
utext_extract(UText *ut,
             int32_t start, int32_t limit,
             UChar *dest, int32_t destCapacity,
             UErrorCode *status) {
                 return ut->extract(ut, start, limit, dest, destCapacity, status);
             }


U_DRAFT UBool U_EXPORT2
utext_isWritable(const UText *ut)
{
    UBool b = (ut->providerProperties & I32_FLAG(UTEXT_PROVIDER_WRITABLE)) != 0;
    return b;
}


U_DRAFT UBool U_EXPORT2
utext_hasMetaData(const UText *ut)
{
    UBool b = (ut->providerProperties & I32_FLAG(UTEXT_PROVIDER_HAS_META_DATA)) != 0;
    return b;
}


U_DRAFT int32_t U_EXPORT2
utext_replace(UText *ut,
             int32_t nativeStart, int32_t nativeLimit,
             const UChar *replacementText, int32_t replacementLength,
             UErrorCode *status) 
{
    if (U_FAILURE(*status)) {
        return 0;
    }
    if ((ut->providerProperties & I32_FLAG(UTEXT_PROVIDER_WRITABLE)) == 0) {
        *status = U_NO_WRITE_PERMISSION;
        return 0;
    }
    int32_t i = ut->replace(ut, nativeStart, nativeLimit, replacementText, replacementLength, status);
    return i;
}

U_DRAFT void U_EXPORT2
utext_copy(UText *ut,
          int32_t nativeStart, int32_t nativeLimit,
          int32_t destIndex,
          UBool move,
          UErrorCode *status)
{
    if (U_FAILURE(*status)) {
        return;
    }
    if ((ut->providerProperties & I32_FLAG(UTEXT_PROVIDER_WRITABLE)) == 0) {
        *status = U_NO_WRITE_PERMISSION;
        return;
    }
    ut->copy(ut, nativeStart, nativeLimit, destIndex, move, status);
}


U_DRAFT UText * U_EXPORT2
utext_clone(UText *dest, const UText *src, UBool deep, UErrorCode *status) {
    return src->clone(dest, src, deep, status);
}


//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//   UText common functions implementation
//
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------

//
//  UText.flags bit definitions
//
enum {
    UTEXT_HEAP_ALLOCATED  = 1,      //  1 if ICU has allocated this UText struct on the heap.
                                    //  0 if caller provided storage for the UText.

    UTEXT_EXTRA_HEAP_ALLOCATED = 2, //  1 if ICU has allocated extra storage as a separate
                                    //     heap block.
                                    //  0 if there is no separate allocation.  Either no extra
                                    //     storage was requested, or it is appended to the end
                                    //     of the main UText storage.

    UTEXT_OPEN = 4                  //  1 if this UText is currently open
                                    //  0 if this UText is not open.
};


//
//  Extended form of a UText.  The purpose is to aid in computing the total size required
//    when a provider asks for a UText to be allocated with extra storage.

struct ExtendedUText {
    UText          ut;
    UAlignedMemory extension;
};

static const UText emptyText = UTEXT_INITIALIZER;

U_DRAFT UText * U_EXPORT2
utext_setup(UText *ut, int32_t extraSpace, UErrorCode *status) {
    if (U_FAILURE(*status)) {
        return ut;
    }

    if (ut == NULL) {
        // We need to heap-allocate storage for the new UText
        int32_t spaceRequired = sizeof(UText);
        if (extraSpace > 0) {
            spaceRequired = sizeof(ExtendedUText) + extraSpace - sizeof(UAlignedMemory);
        }
        ut = (UText *)uprv_malloc(spaceRequired);
        if (ut == NULL) {
            *status = U_MEMORY_ALLOCATION_ERROR;
        } else {
            *ut = emptyText;
            ut->flags |= UTEXT_HEAP_ALLOCATED;
            if (spaceRequired>0) {
                ut->extraSize = extraSpace;
                ut->pExtra    = &((ExtendedUText *)ut)->extension;
                uprv_memset(ut->pExtra, 0, extraSpace);  // Purify whines about copying untouched extra [buffer]
                                                         //  space when cloning, so init it now.
            }
        }
    } else {
        // We have been supplied with an already existing UText.
        // Verify that it really appears to be a UText.
        if (ut->magic != UTEXT_MAGIC) {
            *status = U_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT_ERROR;
            return ut;
        }
        // If the ut is already open and there's a provider supplied close
        //   function, call it.
        if ((ut->flags & UTEXT_OPEN) && ut->close != NULL)  {
            ut->close(ut);
        }
        ut->flags &= ~UTEXT_OPEN;

        // If extra space was requested by our caller, check whether
        //   sufficient already exists, and allocate new if needed.
        if (extraSpace > ut->extraSize) {
            // Need more space.  If there is existing separately allocated space,
            //   delete it first, then allocate new space.
            if (ut->flags & UTEXT_EXTRA_HEAP_ALLOCATED) {
                uprv_free(ut->pExtra);
                ut->extraSize = 0;
            }
            ut->pExtra = uprv_malloc(extraSpace);
            if (ut->pExtra == NULL) {
                *status = U_MEMORY_ALLOCATION_ERROR;
            } else {
                ut->extraSize = extraSpace;
                ut->flags |= UTEXT_EXTRA_HEAP_ALLOCATED;
                uprv_memset(ut->pExtra, 0, extraSpace);
            }
        }
    }
    if (U_SUCCESS(*status)) {
        ut->flags |= UTEXT_OPEN;
    }
    return ut;
}


U_DRAFT UText * U_EXPORT2
utext_close(UText *ut) {
    if (ut==NULL ||
        ut->magic != UTEXT_MAGIC ||
        (ut->flags & UTEXT_OPEN) == 0)
    {
        // The supplied ut is not an open UText.
        // Do nothing.
        return ut;
    }

    // If the provider gave us a close function, call it now.
    // This will clean up anything allocated specifically by the provider.
    if (ut->close != NULL) {
        ut->close(ut);
    }
    ut->flags &= ~UTEXT_OPEN;

    // If we (the framework) allocated the UText or subsidiary storage,
    //   delete it.
    if (ut->flags & UTEXT_EXTRA_HEAP_ALLOCATED) {
        uprv_free(ut->pExtra);
        ut->pExtra = NULL;
    }
    if (ut->flags & UTEXT_HEAP_ALLOCATED) {
        // This UText was allocated by UText setup.  We need to free it.
        // Clear magic, so we can detect if the user messes up and immediately
        //  tries to reopen another UText using the deleted storage.
        ut->magic = 0;
        uprv_free(ut);
        ut = NULL;
    }
    return ut;
}


//
// resetChunk   When an access fails for attempting to get text that is out-of-range
//              this function puts the chunk into a benign state with the index at the
//              at the requested position.
//
//              If there is a pre-existing chunk that is adjacent to the index
//              preserve the chunk, otherwise set up a dummy zero length chunk.
//
static void
resetChunk(UTextChunk *chunk, int32_t index) {
    if (index==chunk->nativeLimit) {
        chunk->offset = chunk->length;
    } else if (index==chunk->nativeStart) {
        chunk->offset = 0;
    } else {
        chunk->length      = 0;
        chunk->nativeStart = index;
        chunk->nativeLimit = index;
        chunk->offset      = 0;
    } 
}


//
// invalidateChunk   Reset a chunk to have no contents, so that the next call
//                   to access will new data to load.
//                   This is needed when copy/move/replace operate directly on the
//                   backing text, potentially putting it out of sync with the
//                   contents in the chunk.
//
static void
invalidateChunk(UTextChunk *chunk) {
    chunk->length = 0;
    chunk->nativeLimit = 0;
    chunk->nativeStart = 0;
    chunk->offset = 0;
}
        

U_CDECL_BEGIN

//
//  Clone.  This is a generic copy-the-utext-by-value clone function that can be
//          used as-is with some utext types, and as helper by other clones. 
//
static UText * U_CALLCONV
shallowTextClone(UText * dest, const UText * src, UErrorCode * status) {
    if (U_FAILURE(*status)) {
        return NULL;
    }
    int32_t  srcExtraSize = src->extraSize;

    //
    // Use the generic text_setup to allocate storage if required.
    //
    dest = utext_setup(dest, srcExtraSize, status);
    if (U_FAILURE(*status)) {
        return dest;
    }

    //
    //  flags (how the UText was allocated) and the pointer to the
    //   extra storage must retain the values in the cloned utext that
    //   were set up by utext_setup.  Save them separately before
    //   copying the whole struct.
    //
    void *destExtra = dest->pExtra;
    int32_t flags   = dest->flags;


    //
    //  Copy the whole UText struct by value.
    //  Any "Extra" storage is copied also.
    //
    int sizeToCopy = src->sizeOfStruct;
    if (sizeToCopy > dest->sizeOfStruct) {
        sizeToCopy = dest->sizeOfStruct;
    }
    uprv_memcpy(dest, src, sizeToCopy);
    dest->pExtra = destExtra;
    dest->flags  = flags;
    if (srcExtraSize > 0) {
        uprv_memcpy(dest->pExtra, src->pExtra, srcExtraSize);
    }

    return dest;
}


U_CDECL_END


//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//     UText implementation for UTF-8 strings (read-only) 
//
//         Use of UText data members:
//              context    pointer to UTF-8 string
//              utext.b  is the input string length (bytes).
//              utext.p  pointer to allocated utf-8 string if owned by this utext (after a clone)
//              utext.q  pointer to the filled part of the Map array.
//
//      TODO:  make creation of the index mapping array lazy.
//             Create it for a chunk the first time the user asks for an index.
//
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------

enum { UTF8_TEXT_CHUNK_SIZE=10 };

struct UTF8Extra {
    /*
     * Chunk UChars.
     * +1 to simplify filling with surrogate pair at the end.
     */
    UChar s[UTF8_TEXT_CHUNK_SIZE+1];
    /*
     * Index map, from UTF-16 indexes into s back to native indexes.
     * +2: length of s[] + one more for chunk limit index.
     *
     * When accessing preceding text, chunk.contents may point into the middle
     * of s[].
     */
    int32_t map[UTF8_TEXT_CHUNK_SIZE+2];
};

//     because backwards iteration fills the buffers starting at the end and
//     working towards the front, the filled part of the buffers may not begin
//     at the start of the available storage for the buffers.

U_CDECL_BEGIN


static int32_t U_CALLCONV
utf8TextLength(UText *ut) {
    return ut->b;
}

        
static UBool U_CALLCONV
utf8TextAccess(UText *ut, int32_t index, UBool forward, UTextChunk *chunk) {
    const uint8_t *s8=(const uint8_t *)ut->context;
    UChar32  c;
    int32_t  i;
    int32_t  length = ut->b;              // Length of original utf-8

    UTF8Extra  *ut8e   = (UTF8Extra *)ut->pExtra;
    UChar      *u16buf = ut8e->s;
    int32_t    *map    = ut8e->map;

    if (index<0) {
        index = 0;
    } else if (index>length) {
        index = length;
    }

    if(forward) {
        if(index >= length) {
            resetChunk(chunk, length);
            return FALSE;
        }

        c=s8[index];
        if(c<=0x7f) {
            // get a run of ASCII characters.
            // Even if we don't fill the buffer, we will stop with the first
            //   non-ascii char, so that the buffer can use utf-16 indexing.
            chunk->nativeStart=index;
            u16buf[0]=(UChar)c;
            for(i=1, ++index;
                i<UTF8_TEXT_CHUNK_SIZE && index<length && (c=s8[index])<=0x7f;
                ++i, ++index
            ) {
                u16buf[i]=(UChar)c;
            }
            chunk->nonUTF16Indexes=FALSE;
        } else {
            // get a chunk of characters starting with a non-ASCII one
            U8_SET_CP_START(s8, 0, index);  // put utf-8 index at first byte of char, if not there already.
            chunk->nativeStart=index;
            for(i=0;  i<UTF8_TEXT_CHUNK_SIZE && index<length;  ) {
                //  i     is utf-16 index into chunk buffer.
                //  index is utf-8 index into original string
                map[i]=index;
                map[i+1]=index; // in case there is a trail surrogate
                U8_NEXT(s8, index, length, c);
                if(c<0) {
                    c=0xfffd; // use SUB for illegal sequences
                }
                U16_APPEND_UNSAFE(u16buf, i, c);    // post-increments i.
            }
            map[i]=index;
            chunk->nonUTF16Indexes=TRUE;
        }
        chunk->contents    = u16buf;
        chunk->length      = i;
        chunk->nativeLimit = index;
        ut->q              = map;  
        chunk->offset      = 0;      // chunkOffset corresponding to index
        return TRUE; 
    } else {
        // Reverse Access.  The chunk buffer must be filled so as to contain the
        //                  character preceding the specified index.
        if(index<=0) {
            resetChunk(chunk, 0);
            return FALSE;
        }

        c=s8[index-1];
        if(c<=0x7f) {
            // get a chunk of ASCII characters.  Don't build the index map
            chunk->nativeLimit=index;
            i=UTF8_TEXT_CHUNK_SIZE;
            do {
                u16buf[--i]=(UChar)c;
                --index;
            } while(i>0 && index>0 && (c=s8[index-1])<=0x7f);
            chunk->nonUTF16Indexes=FALSE;
        } else {
            // get a chunk of characters starting with a non-ASCII one
            if(index<length) {
                U8_SET_CP_START(s8, 0, index);
            }
            chunk->nativeLimit=index;
            i=UTF8_TEXT_CHUNK_SIZE;
            map[i]=index;    // map position for char following the last one in the buffer.
            do {
                //  i     is utf-16 index into chunk buffer.
                //  index is utf-8 index into original string
                U8_PREV(s8, 0, index, c);
                if(c<0) {
                    c=0xfffd; // use SUB for illegal sequences
                }
                if(c<=0xffff) {
                    u16buf[--i]=(UChar)c;
                    map[i]=index;
                } else {
                    // We've got a supplementary char
                    if (i<2) {
                        // Both halves of the surrogate pair wont fit in the chunk buffer.
                        // Stop without putting either half in.
                        U8_NEXT(s8, index, length, c);  // restore index.
                        break;
                    }
                    u16buf[--i]=U16_TRAIL(c);
                    map[i]=index;
                    u16buf[--i]=U16_LEAD(c);
                    map[i]=index;
                }
            } while(i>0 && index>0);

            // Because we have filled the map & chunk buffers from back to front,
            //   the start position for accesses may not be at the start of the
            //   available storage.
            ut->q = map+i;
            chunk->nonUTF16Indexes=TRUE;
        }
        // Common reverse iteration, for both UTF16 and non-UTIF16 indexes.
        chunk->contents    = u16buf+i;
        chunk->length      = (UTF8_TEXT_CHUNK_SIZE)-i;
        chunk->nativeStart = index;
        chunk->offset      = chunk->length; // chunkOffset corresponding to index
        return TRUE;
    }
}


//
//  This is a slightly modified copy of u_strFromUTF8,
//     Inserts a Replacement Char rather than failing on invalid UTF-8
//     Removes unnecessary features.
//
static UChar* 
utext_strFromUTF8(UChar *dest,             
              int32_t destCapacity,
              int32_t *pDestLength,
              const char* src, 
              int32_t srcLength,        // required.  NUL terminated not supported.
              UErrorCode *pErrorCode
              )
{

    UChar *pDest = dest;
    UChar *pDestLimit = dest+destCapacity;
    UChar32 ch=0;
    int32_t index = 0;
    int32_t reqLength = 0;
    uint8_t* pSrc = (uint8_t*) src;

         
    while((index < srcLength)&&(pDest<pDestLimit)){
        ch = pSrc[index++];
        if(ch <=0x7f){
            *pDest++=(UChar)ch;
        }else{
            ch=utf8_nextCharSafeBody(pSrc, &index, srcLength, ch, -1);
            if(ch<0){
                ch = 0xfffd;
            }
            if(ch<=0xFFFF){
                *(pDest++)=(UChar)ch;
            }else{
                *(pDest++)=UTF16_LEAD(ch);
                if(pDest<pDestLimit){
                    *(pDest++)=UTF16_TRAIL(ch);
                }else{
                    reqLength++;
                    break;
                }
            }
        }
    }
    /* donot fill the dest buffer just count the UChars needed */
    while(index < srcLength){
        ch = pSrc[index++];
        if(ch <= 0x7f){
            reqLength++;
        }else{
            ch=utf8_nextCharSafeBody(pSrc, &index, srcLength, ch, -1);
            if(ch<0){
                ch = 0xfffd;
            }
            reqLength+=UTF_CHAR_LENGTH(ch);
        }
    }

    reqLength+=(int32_t)(pDest - dest);

    if(pDestLength){
        *pDestLength = reqLength;
    }

    /* Terminate the buffer */
    u_terminateUChars(dest,destCapacity,reqLength,pErrorCode);

    return dest;
}


static int32_t U_CALLCONV
utf8TextExtract(UText *ut,
                int32_t start, int32_t limit,
                UChar *dest, int32_t destCapacity,
                UErrorCode *pErrorCode) {
    if(U_FAILURE(*pErrorCode)) {
        return 0;
    }
    if(destCapacity<0 || (dest==NULL && destCapacity>0)) {
        *pErrorCode=U_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT_ERROR;
        return 0;
    }
    if(start<0 || start>limit) {
        *pErrorCode=U_INDEX_OUTOFBOUNDS_ERROR;
        return 0;
    }
    if (limit>ut->b) {
        limit = ut->b;
    }
    if (start>ut->b) {
        start = ut->b;
    }

    // adjust the incoming indexes to land on code point boundaries if needed.
    //    adjust by no more than three, because that is the largest number of trail bytes
    //    in a well formed UTF8 character.
    const uint8_t *buf = (const uint8_t *)ut->context;
    int i;
    if (start < ut->chunk.nativeLimit) {
        for (i=0; i<3; i++) {
            if (U8_IS_LEAD(buf[start]) || start==0) {
                break;
            }
            start--;
        }
    }

    if (limit < ut->chunk.nativeLimit) {
        for (i=0; i<3; i++) {
            if (U8_IS_LEAD(buf[limit]) || limit==0) {
                break;
            }
            limit--;
        }
    }

    // Do the actual extract.
    int32_t destLength=0;
    utext_strFromUTF8(dest, destCapacity, &destLength,
                    (const char *)ut->context+start, limit-start,
                    pErrorCode);
    return destLength;
}

// Assume nonUTF16Indexes and 0<=offset<=chunk->length
static int32_t U_CALLCONV
utf8TextMapOffsetToNative(UText *ut, int32_t offset) {
    // UText.q points to the index mapping array that is allocated in the extra storage area.
    U_ASSERT(offset>=0 && offset<=ut->chunk.length);
    int32_t *map=(int32_t *)(ut->q);
    return map[offset];
}

// Assume nonUTF16Indexes and chunk->start<=index<=chunk->limit
static int32_t U_CALLCONV
utf8TextMapIndexToUTF16(UText *ut, int32_t index) {
    int32_t *map=(int32_t *)(ut->q);
    int32_t offset=0;

    U_ASSERT(index>=ut->chunk.nativeStart && index<=ut->chunk.nativeLimit);
    while(index>map[offset]) {
        ++offset;
    }
    if (index<map[offset]) {
        // index was to a trail byte of a multi-byte utf-8 char.
        // The loop above advanced offset to the start of the following char, now
        //  offset must be backed up to the start of the utf-16 char into which
        //  the utf-8 index pointed.
        offset--;
        if (offset>0 && map[offset] == map[offset-1]) {
            // index was to a utf-8 trail byte of a supplemenary char.
            //   Offset now points to the trail surrogate (one in back of the following char)
            //   Back offset up one more time to get to the utf-16 lead surrogate.
            offset--;
        }
    }
    return offset;
}

static UText * U_CALLCONV
utf8TextClone(UText *dest, const UText *src, UBool deep, UErrorCode *status) 
{
    // First do a generic shallow clone.  Does everything needed for the UText struct itself.
    dest = shallowTextClone(dest, src, status);

    // For deep clones, make a copy of the string.
    //  The copied storage is owned by the newly created clone.
    //  A non-NULL pointer in UText.p is the signal to the close() function to delete
    //    it.
    //
    if (deep && U_SUCCESS(*status)) {
        int32_t  len = src->b;
        char *copyStr = (char *)uprv_malloc(len+1);
        if (copyStr == NULL) {
            *status = U_MEMORY_ALLOCATION_ERROR;
        } else {
            uprv_memcpy(copyStr, src->context, len+1);
            dest->context = copyStr;
            dest->p       = copyStr;
        }
    }
    return dest;
}


static void U_CALLCONV
utf8TextClose(UText *ut) {
    // Most of the work of close is done by the generic UText framework close.
    // All that needs to be done here is to delete the UTF8 string if the UText
    //  owns it.  This occurs if the UText was created by cloning.
    char *s = (char *)ut->p;
    uprv_free(s);
    ut->p = NULL;
}


U_DRAFT UText * U_EXPORT2
utext_openUTF8(UText *ut, const char *s, int32_t length, UErrorCode *status) {
    if(U_FAILURE(*status)) {
        return NULL;
    }
    if(s==NULL || length<-1) {
        *status=U_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT_ERROR;
        return NULL;
    }

    ut = utext_setup(ut, sizeof(UTF8Extra), status);
    if (U_FAILURE(*status)) {
        return ut;
    }
    ut->providerProperties = I32_FLAG(UTEXT_PROVIDER_NON_UTF16_INDEXES);

    ut->clone         = utf8TextClone;
    ut->nativeLength  = utf8TextLength;
    ut->access        = utf8TextAccess;
    ut->extract       = utf8TextExtract;
    ut->mapOffsetToNative     = utf8TextMapOffsetToNative;
    ut->mapNativeIndexToUTF16 = utf8TextMapIndexToUTF16;
    ut->close         = utf8TextClose;

    ut->context=s;
    if(length>=0) {
        ut->b=length;
    } else {
        // TODO:  really undesirable to do this scan upfront.
        ut->b=(int32_t)uprv_strlen(s);
    }

    return ut;
}

U_CDECL_END


//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//     UText implementation wrapper for Replaceable (read/write) 
//
//         Use of UText data members:
//            context    pointer to Replaceable.
//            p          pointer to Replaceable if it is owned by the UText.
//
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------


// minimum chunk size for this implementation: 3
// to allow for possible trimming for code point boundaries
enum { REP_TEXT_CHUNK_SIZE=10 };

struct ReplExtra {
    /*
     * Chunk UChars.
     * +1 to simplify filling with surrogate pair at the end.
     */
    UChar s[REP_TEXT_CHUNK_SIZE+1];
};


U_CDECL_BEGIN

static UText * U_CALLCONV
repTextClone(UText *dest, const UText *src, UBool deep, UErrorCode *status) {
    // First do a generic shallow clone.  Does everything needed for the UText struct itself.
    dest = shallowTextClone(dest, src, status);

    // For deep clones, make a copy of the Replaceable.
    //  The copied Replaceable storage is owned by the newly created UText clone.
    //  A non-NULL pointer in UText.p is the signal to the close() function to delete
    //    it.
    //
    if (deep && U_SUCCESS(*status)) {
        const Replaceable *replSrc = (const Replaceable *)src->context;
        dest->context = replSrc->clone();
        dest->p       = dest->context;
    }
    return dest;
}


static void U_CALLCONV
repTextClose(UText *ut) {
    // Most of the work of close is done by the generic UText framework close.
    // All that needs to be done here is delete the Replaceable if the UText
    //  owns it.  This occurs if the UText was created by cloning.
    Replaceable *rep = (Replaceable *)ut->p;
    delete rep;
    ut->p = NULL;
}


static int32_t U_CALLCONV
repTextLength(UText *ut) {
    const Replaceable *replSrc = (const Replaceable *)ut->context;
    int32_t  len = replSrc->length();
    return len;
}


static UBool U_CALLCONV
repTextAccess(UText *ut, int32_t index, UBool forward, UTextChunk* /* chunk*/ ) {
    const Replaceable *rep=(const Replaceable *)ut->context;
    int32_t length=rep->length();   // Full length of the input text (bigger than a chunk)

    // clip the requested index to the limits of the text.
    if (index<0) {
        index = 0;
    }
    if (index>length) {
        index = length;
    }


    /*
     * Compute start/limit boundaries around index, for a segment of text
     * to be extracted.
     * To allow for the possibility that our user gave an index to the trailing
     * half of a surrogate pair, we must request one extra preceding UChar when
     * going in the forward direction.  This will ensure that the buffer has the
     * entire code point at the specified index.
     */
    if(forward) {

        if (index>=ut->chunk.nativeStart && index<ut->chunk.nativeLimit) {
            // Buffer already contains the requested position.
            ut->chunk.offset = index - ut->chunk.nativeStart;
            return TRUE;
        }
        if (index>=length && ut->chunk.nativeLimit==length) {
            // Request for end of string, and buffer already extends up to it.
            // Can't get the data, but don't change the buffer.
            ut->chunk.offset = length - ut->chunk.nativeStart;
            return FALSE;
        }

        ut->chunk.nativeLimit = index + REP_TEXT_CHUNK_SIZE - 1;
        // Going forward, so we want to have the buffer with stuff at and beyond
        //   the requested index.  The -1 gets us one code point before the
        //   requested index also, to handle the case of the index being on
        //   a trail surrogate of a surrogate pair.
        if(ut->chunk.nativeLimit > length) {
            ut->chunk.nativeLimit = length;
        }
        // unless buffer ran off end, start is index-1.
        ut->chunk.nativeStart = ut->chunk.nativeLimit - REP_TEXT_CHUNK_SIZE;   
        if(ut->chunk.nativeStart < 0) {
            ut->chunk.nativeStart = 0;
        }
    } else {
        // Reverse iteration.  Fill buffer with data preceding the requested index.
        if (index>ut->chunk.nativeStart && index<=ut->chunk.nativeLimit) {
            // Requested position already in buffer.
            ut->chunk.offset = index - ut->chunk.nativeStart;
            return TRUE;
        }
        if (index==0 && ut->chunk.nativeStart==0) {
            // Request for start, buffer already begins at start.
            //  No data, but keep the buffer as is.
            ut->chunk.offset = 0;
            return FALSE;
        }

        // Figure out the bounds of the chunk to extract for reverse iteration.
        // Need to worry about chunk not splitting surrogate pairs, and while still 
        // containing the data we need.
        // Fix by requesting a chunk that includes an extra UChar at the end.
        // If this turns out to be a lead surrogate, we can lop it off and still have
        //   the data we wanted.
        ut->chunk.nativeStart = index + 1 - REP_TEXT_CHUNK_SIZE;
        if (ut->chunk.nativeStart < 0) {
            ut->chunk.nativeStart = 0;
        }

        ut->chunk.nativeLimit = index + 1;
        if (ut->chunk.nativeLimit > length) {
            ut->chunk.nativeLimit = length;
        }
    }

    // Extract the new chunk of text from the Replaceable source.
    ReplExtra *ex = (ReplExtra *)ut->pExtra;
    // UnicodeString with its buffer a writable alias to the chunk buffer
    UnicodeString buffer(ex->s, 0 /*buffer length*/, REP_TEXT_CHUNK_SIZE /*buffer capacity*/); 
    rep->extractBetween(ut->chunk.nativeStart, ut->chunk.nativeLimit, buffer);

    ut->chunk.contents  = ex->s;
    ut->chunk.length    = ut->chunk.nativeLimit - ut->chunk.nativeStart;
    ut->chunk.offset    = index - ut->chunk.nativeStart;

    // Surrogate pairs from the input text must not span chunk boundaries.
    // If end of chunk could be the start of a surrogate, trim it off.
    if (ut->chunk.nativeLimit < length &&
        U16_IS_LEAD(ex->s[ut->chunk.length-1])) {
            ut->chunk.length--;
            ut->chunk.nativeLimit--;
            if (ut->chunk.offset > ut->chunk.length) {
                ut->chunk.offset = ut->chunk.length;
            }
        }

    // if the first UChar in the chunk could be the trailing half of a surrogate pair,
    // trim it off.
    if(ut->chunk.nativeStart>0 && U16_IS_TRAIL(ex->s[0])) {
        ++(ut->chunk.contents);
        ++(ut->chunk.nativeStart);
        --(ut->chunk.length);
        --(ut->chunk.offset);
    }

    // adjust the index/chunkOffset to a code point boundary
    U16_SET_CP_START(ut->chunk.contents, 0, ut->chunk.offset);

    return TRUE; 
}


static int32_t U_CALLCONV
repTextExtract(UText *ut,
               int32_t start, int32_t limit,
               UChar *dest, int32_t destCapacity,
               UErrorCode *status) {
    const Replaceable *rep=(const Replaceable *)ut->context;
    int32_t  length=rep->length();

    if(U_FAILURE(*status)) {
        return 0;
    }
    if(destCapacity<0 || (dest==NULL && destCapacity>0)) {
        *status=U_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT_ERROR;
    }
    if(start<0 || start>limit) {
        *status=U_INDEX_OUTOFBOUNDS_ERROR;
        return 0;
    }
    if (start>length) {
        start=length;
    }
    if (limit>length) {
        limit=length;
    }

    // adjust start, limit if they point to trail half of surrogates
    if (start<length && U16_IS_TRAIL(rep->charAt(start)) &&
        U_IS_SUPPLEMENTARY(rep->char32At(start))){
            start--;
    }
    if (limit<length && U16_IS_TRAIL(rep->charAt(limit)) &&
        U_IS_SUPPLEMENTARY(rep->char32At(limit))){
            limit--;
    }

    length=limit-start;
    if(length>destCapacity) {
        limit = start + destCapacity;
    }
    UnicodeString buffer(dest, 0, destCapacity); // writable alias
    rep->extractBetween(start, limit, buffer);
    return u_terminateUChars(dest, destCapacity, length, status);
}

static int32_t U_CALLCONV
repTextReplace(UText *ut,
               int32_t start, int32_t limit,
               const UChar *src, int32_t length,
               UErrorCode *status) {
    Replaceable *rep=(Replaceable *)ut->context;
    int32_t oldLength;

    if(U_FAILURE(*status)) {
        return 0;
    }
    if(src==NULL && length!=0) {
        *status=U_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT_ERROR;
        return 0;
    }
    oldLength=rep->length(); // will subtract from new length
    if(start<0 || start>limit ) {
        *status=U_INDEX_OUTOFBOUNDS_ERROR;
        return 0;
    }

    if (start > oldLength) {
        start = oldLength;
    }
    if (limit > oldLength) {
        limit = oldLength;
    }

    // Do the actual replace operation using methods of the Replaceable class
    UnicodeString replStr((UBool)(length<0), src, length); // read-only alias
    rep->handleReplaceBetween(start, limit, replStr);
    int32_t newLength = rep->length();
    int32_t lengthDelta = newLength - oldLength;

    // Is the UText chunk buffer OK?
    if (ut->chunk.nativeLimit > start) {
        // this replace operation may have impacted the current chunk.
        // invalidate it, which will force a reload on the next access.
        invalidateChunk(&ut->chunk);
    }

    // set the iteration position to the end of the newly inserted replacement text.
    int32_t newIndexPos = limit + lengthDelta;
    repTextAccess(ut, newIndexPos, TRUE, &ut->chunk);

    return lengthDelta;
}


static void U_CALLCONV
repTextCopy(UText *ut,
                int32_t start, int32_t limit,
                int32_t destIndex,
                UBool move,
                UErrorCode *status) 
{
    Replaceable *rep=(Replaceable *)ut->context;
    int32_t length=rep->length();

    if(U_FAILURE(*status)) {
        return;
    }
    if( start<0 || start>limit ||  destIndex<0 || 
        (start<destIndex && destIndex<limit) ) 
    {
        *status=U_INDEX_OUTOFBOUNDS_ERROR;
        return;
    }
    if (destIndex > length) {
        destIndex = length;
    }
    if (limit > length) {
        limit = length;
    }
    if (start > length) {
        start = length;
    }
    if(move) {
        // move: copy to destIndex, then replace original with nothing
        int32_t segLength=limit-start;
        rep->copy(start, limit, destIndex);
        if(destIndex<start) {
            start+=segLength;
            limit+=segLength;
        }
        rep->handleReplaceBetween(start, limit, UnicodeString());
    } else {
        // copy
        rep->copy(start, limit, destIndex);
    }

    // If the change to the text touched the region in the chunk buffer,
    //  invalidate the buffer.
    int32_t firstAffectedIndex = destIndex;
    if (move && start<firstAffectedIndex) {
        firstAffectedIndex = start;
    }
    if (firstAffectedIndex < ut->chunk.nativeLimit) {
        // changes may have affected range covered by the chunk
        invalidateChunk(&ut->chunk);
    }

    // Put iteration position at the newly inserted (moved) block,
    int32_t  nativeIterIndex = destIndex + limit - start;
    if (move && destIndex>start) {
        // moved a block of text towards the end of the string.
        nativeIterIndex = destIndex;
    }

    // Set position, reload chunk if needed.
    repTextAccess(ut, nativeIterIndex, TRUE, &ut->chunk);
}


U_DRAFT UText * U_EXPORT2
utext_openReplaceable(UText *ut, Replaceable *rep, UErrorCode *status) 
{
    if(U_FAILURE(*status)) {
        return NULL;
    }
    if(rep==NULL) {
        *status=U_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT_ERROR;
        return NULL;
    }
    ut = utext_setup(ut, sizeof(ReplExtra), status);
    
    ut->providerProperties = I32_FLAG(UTEXT_PROVIDER_WRITABLE);
    if(rep->hasMetaData()) {
        ut->providerProperties |=I32_FLAG(UTEXT_PROVIDER_HAS_META_DATA);
    }

    ut->clone        = repTextClone;
    ut->nativeLength = repTextLength;
    ut->access       = repTextAccess;
    ut->extract      = repTextExtract;
    ut->replace      = repTextReplace;
    ut->copy         = repTextCopy;
    ut->close        = repTextClose;

    ut->context=rep;
    return ut;
}

U_CDECL_END


//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//     UText implementation for UnicodeString (read/write)  and
//                    for const UnicodeString (read only)
//             (same implementation, only the flags are different)
//
//         Use of UText data members:
//            context    pointer to UnicodeString
//            p          pointer to UnicodeString IF this UText owns the string
//                       and it must be deleted on close().  NULL otherwise.
//
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------

U_CDECL_BEGIN


static UText * U_CALLCONV
unistrTextClone(UText *dest, const UText *src, UBool deep, UErrorCode *status) {
    // First do a generic shallow clone.  Does everything needed for the UText struct itself.
    dest = shallowTextClone(dest, src, status);

    // For deep clones, make a copy of the UnicodeSring.
    //  The copied UnicodeString storage is owned by the newly created UText clone.
    //  A non-NULL pointer in UText.p is the signal to the close() function to delete
    //    the UText.
    //
    if (deep && U_SUCCESS(*status)) {
        const UnicodeString *srcString = (const UnicodeString *)src->context;
        dest->context = new UnicodeString(*srcString);
        dest->p       = dest->context;
    }
    return dest;
}
    
static void U_CALLCONV
unistrTextClose(UText *ut) {
    // Most of the work of close is done by the generic UText framework close.
    // All that needs to be done here is delete the UnicodeString if the UText
    //  owns it.  This occurs if the UText was created by cloning.
    UnicodeString *str = (UnicodeString *)ut->p;
    delete str;
    ut->p = NULL;
}


static int32_t U_CALLCONV
unistrTextLength(UText *t) {
    return ((const UnicodeString *)t->context)->length();
}


static UBool U_CALLCONV
unistrTextAccess(UText *ut, int32_t index, UBool  forward, UTextChunk *chunk) {
    const UnicodeString *us   = (const UnicodeString *)ut->context;
    int32_t length = us->length();

    if (chunk->nativeLimit != length) {
        // This chunk is not yet set up.  Do it now.
        // TODO:  probably simplify things to move this into the open operation.
        chunk->contents        = us->getBuffer();
        chunk->length          = length;
        chunk->nativeStart     = 0;
        chunk->nativeLimit     = length;
        chunk->nonUTF16Indexes = FALSE;
    }
        
    // pin the requested index to the bounds of the string,
    //  and set current iteration position.
    if (index<0) {
        index = 0;
    } else if (index>length) {
        index = length;
    }
    chunk->offset = index;

    // Check whether request is at the start or end
    UBool retVal = (forward && index<length) || (!forward && index>0);
    return retVal; 
}


static int32_t U_CALLCONV
unistrTextExtract(UText *t,
                  int32_t start, int32_t limit,
                  UChar *dest, int32_t destCapacity,
                  UErrorCode *pErrorCode) {
    const UnicodeString *us=(const UnicodeString *)t->context;
    int32_t length=us->length();

    if(U_FAILURE(*pErrorCode)) {
        return 0;
    }
    if(destCapacity<0 || (dest==NULL && destCapacity>0)) {
        *pErrorCode=U_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT_ERROR;
    }
    if(start<0 || start>limit) {
        *pErrorCode=U_INDEX_OUTOFBOUNDS_ERROR;
        return 0;
    }

    start = start<length ? us->getChar32Start(start) : length;
    limit = limit<length ? us->getChar32Start(limit) : length;

    length=limit-start;
    if (destCapacity>0 && dest!=NULL) {
        int32_t trimmedLength = length;
        if(trimmedLength>destCapacity) {
            trimmedLength=destCapacity;
        }
        us->extract(start, trimmedLength, dest);
    }
    u_terminateUChars(dest, destCapacity, length, pErrorCode);
    return length;
}

static int32_t U_CALLCONV
unistrTextReplace(UText *ut,
                  int32_t start, int32_t limit,
                  const UChar *src, int32_t length,
                  UErrorCode *pErrorCode) {
    UnicodeString *us=(UnicodeString *)ut->context;
    int32_t oldLength;

    if(U_FAILURE(*pErrorCode)) {
        return 0;
    }
    if(src==NULL && length!=0) {
        *pErrorCode=U_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT_ERROR;
    }
    oldLength=us->length(); // will subtract from new length
    if(start<0 || start>limit) {
        *pErrorCode=U_INDEX_OUTOFBOUNDS_ERROR;
        return 0;
    }

    start = start<oldLength ? us->getChar32Start(start) : oldLength;
    limit = limit<oldLength ? us->getChar32Start(limit) : oldLength;

    // replace
    us->replace(start, limit-start, src, length);
    int32_t newLength = us->length();

    // Update the chunk description.
    ut->chunk.contents    = us->getBuffer();
    ut->chunk.length      = newLength;
    ut->chunk.nativeLimit = newLength;

    // Set iteration position to the point just following the newly inserted text.
    int32_t lengthDelta = newLength - oldLength;
    ut->chunk.offset = limit + lengthDelta;

    return lengthDelta;
}

static void U_CALLCONV
unistrTextCopy(UText *ut,
               int32_t start, int32_t limit,
               int32_t destIndex,
               UBool move,
               UErrorCode *pErrorCode) {
    UnicodeString *us=(UnicodeString *)ut->context;
    int32_t length=us->length();

    if(U_FAILURE(*pErrorCode)) {
        return;
    }
    if( start<0 || start>limit || destIndex<0 ||
        (start<destIndex && destIndex<limit)
    ) {
        *pErrorCode=U_INDEX_OUTOFBOUNDS_ERROR;
        return;
    }
    if (limit>length) {
        limit = length;
    }
    if (destIndex>length) {
        destIndex = length;
    }
    if(move) {
        // move: copy to destIndex, then replace original with nothing
        int32_t segLength=limit-start;
        us->copy(start, limit, destIndex);
        if(destIndex<start) {
            start+=segLength;
        }
        us->replace(start, segLength, NULL, 0);
    } else {
        // copy
        us->copy(start, limit, destIndex);
    }
    
    // update chunk description, set iteration position.
    ut->chunk.contents = us->getBuffer();
    if (move==FALSE) {
        // copy operation, string length grows
        ut->chunk.length += limit-start;
        ut->chunk.nativeLimit = ut->chunk.length;
    }

    // Iteration position to end of the newly inserted text.
    ut->chunk.offset = destIndex+limit-start;
    if (move && destIndex>start) {  //TODO:  backwards? check.
        ut->chunk.offset = destIndex;
    }

}

U_CDECL_END


U_DRAFT UText * U_EXPORT2
utext_openUnicodeString(UText *ut, UnicodeString *s, UErrorCode *status) {
    ut = utext_setup(ut, 0, status);
    if (U_SUCCESS(*status)) {
        ut->clone        = unistrTextClone;
        ut->nativeLength = unistrTextLength;
        ut->access       = unistrTextAccess;
        ut->extract      = unistrTextExtract;
        ut->replace      = unistrTextReplace;
        ut->copy         = unistrTextCopy;
        ut->close        = unistrTextClose;

        ut->context      = s;
        ut->providerProperties = I32_FLAG(UTEXT_PROVIDER_STABLE_CHUNKS)|
                                 I32_FLAG(UTEXT_PROVIDER_WRITABLE);
    }
    return ut;
}


U_DRAFT UText * U_EXPORT2
utext_openConstUnicodeString(UText *ut, const UnicodeString *s, UErrorCode *status) {
    ut = utext_setup(ut, 0, status);
    if (U_SUCCESS(*status)) {
        ut->clone        = unistrTextClone;
        ut->nativeLength = unistrTextLength;
        ut->access       = unistrTextAccess;
        ut->extract      = unistrTextExtract;
        ut->close        = unistrTextClose;

        ut->context      = s;
        ut->providerProperties = I32_FLAG(UTEXT_PROVIDER_STABLE_CHUNKS);
    }
    return ut;
}

//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//     UText implementation for const UChar * strings 
//
//         Use of UText data members:
//            context    pointer to UnicodeString
//            a          length.  -1 if not yet known.
//
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------

U_CDECL_BEGIN


static UText * U_CALLCONV
ucstrTextClone(UText *dest, const UText * src, UBool deep, UErrorCode * status) {
    // First do a generic shallow clone.  
    dest = shallowTextClone(dest, src, status);

    // For deep clones, make a copy of the string.
    //  The copied storage is owned by the newly created clone.
    //  A non-NULL pointer in UText.p is the signal to the close() function to delete
    //    it.
    //
    if (deep && U_SUCCESS(*status)) {
        int32_t  len = utext_nativeLength(dest);

        // The cloned string IS going to be NUL terminated, whether or not the orginal was.
        const UChar *srcStr = (const UChar *)src->context;
        UChar *copyStr = (UChar *)uprv_malloc((len+1) * sizeof(UChar));
        if (copyStr == NULL) {
            *status = U_MEMORY_ALLOCATION_ERROR;
        } else {
            int i;
            for (i=0; i<len; i++) {
                copyStr[i] = srcStr[i];
            }
            copyStr[len] = 0;
            dest->context = copyStr;
            dest->p       = copyStr;
        }
    }
    return dest;
}


static void U_CALLCONV
ucstrTextClose(UText *ut) {
    // Most of the work of close is done by the generic UText framework close.
    // All that needs to be done here is delete the Replaceable if the UText
    //  owns it.  This occurs if the UText was created by cloning.
    UChar *s = (UChar *)ut->p;
    uprv_free(s);
    ut->p = NULL;
}


static int32_t U_CALLCONV
ucstrTextLength(UText *ut) {
    if (ut->a < 0) {
        // null terminated, we don't yet know the length.  Scan for it.
        //    Access is not convenient for doing this  
        //    because the current interation postion can't be changed.
        const UChar  *str = (const UChar *)ut->context;
        for (;;) {
            if (str[ut->chunk.nativeLimit] == 0) {
                break;
            }
            ut->chunk.nativeLimit++;
        }
        ut->a = ut->chunk.nativeLimit;
        ut->chunk.length = ut->chunk.nativeLimit;
        ut->providerProperties &= ~I32_FLAG(UTEXT_PROVIDER_LENGTH_IS_EXPENSIVE);
    }
    return ut->a;
}


static UBool U_CALLCONV
ucstrTextAccess(UText *ut, int32_t index, UBool  forward, UTextChunk *chunk) {
    const UChar *str   = (const UChar *)ut->context;
        
    // pin the requested index to the bounds of the string,
    //  and set current iteration position.
    if (index<0) {
        index = 0;
    } else if (index < ut->chunk.nativeLimit) {
        // The request data is within the chunk as it is known so far.
        // There is nothing more that needs to be done within this access function.
    } else if (ut->a >= 0) {
        // We know the length of this string, and the user is requesting something
        // at or beyond the length.  Trim the requested index to the length.
            index = ut->a;
    } else {
        // Null terminated string, length not yet known.
        // Scan down another 32 UChars or to the requested index, whichever is further
        int scanLimit = ut->chunk.nativeLimit + 32;
        if (scanLimit <= index) {
            scanLimit = index+1;         // TODO:  beware int overflow
        }
        for (; ut->chunk.nativeLimit<scanLimit; ut->chunk.nativeLimit++) {
            if (str[ut->chunk.nativeLimit] == 0) {
                // We found the end of the string.  Remember it, trim the index to it,
                //  and bail out of here.
                ut->a = ut->chunk.nativeLimit;
                ut->chunk.length = ut->chunk.nativeLimit;
                if (index > ut->chunk.nativeLimit) {
                    index = ut->chunk.nativeLimit;
                }
                ut->providerProperties &= ~I32_FLAG(UTEXT_PROVIDER_LENGTH_IS_EXPENSIVE);
                goto breakout;
            }
        }
        // We scanned through the next batch of UChars without finding the end.
        // The endpoint of a chunk must not be left in the middle of a surrogate pair.
        // If the current end is on a lead surrogate, back the end up by one.
        // It doesn't matter if the end char happens to be an unpaired surrogate,
        //    and it's simpler not to worry about it.
        if (U16_IS_LEAD(str[ut->chunk.nativeLimit-1])) {
            --ut->chunk.nativeLimit;
        }
    }
breakout:
    chunk->offset = index;

    // Check whether request is at the start or end
    UBool retVal = (forward && index<ut->chunk.nativeLimit) || (!forward && index>0);
    return retVal; 
}


static int32_t U_CALLCONV
ucstrTextExtract(UText *ut,
                  int32_t start, int32_t limit,
                  UChar *dest, int32_t destCapacity,
                  UErrorCode *pErrorCode) {


    if(U_FAILURE(*pErrorCode)) {
        return 0;
    }
    if(destCapacity<0 || (dest==NULL && destCapacity>0)) {
        *pErrorCode=U_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT_ERROR;
        return 0;
    }

    const UChar *s=(const UChar *)ut->context;
    int32_t strLength=ut->a;
    int32_t si, di;

    // If text is null terminated and we haven't yet scanned down as far as the starting
    //   position of the extract, do it now.
    if (strLength<0 && limit>=ut->chunk.nativeLimit) {
        ucstrTextAccess(ut, start, TRUE, &ut->chunk);
    }

    // Raise an error if starting position is outside of the string.
    if(start<0 || start>limit) {
        *pErrorCode=U_INDEX_OUTOFBOUNDS_ERROR;
        return 0;
    }

    if (strLength >= 0 && limit > strLength) {
        // String length is known.  Trim requested limit to be no more than the length
        limit = strLength;
    }

    di = 0;
    for (si=start; si<limit; si++) {
        if (strLength<0 && s[si]==0) {
            // Just hit the end of a null-terminated string.
            ut->a = si;               // set string length for this UText
            ut->chunk.nativeLimit = si;
            ut->chunk.length      = si;
            // 
            break;
        }
        if (di<destCapacity) {
            // only store if there is space.
            dest[di] = s[si];
        } else {
            if (strLength>=0) {
                // We have filled the destination buffer, and the string is known.
                //  Cut the loop short.  There is no need to scan string termination.
                di = strLength;
                break;
            }
        }
        di++;
    }

    u_terminateUChars(dest, destCapacity, di, pErrorCode);
    return di;
                  }


U_CDECL_END


U_DRAFT UText * U_EXPORT2
utext_openUChars(UText *ut, const UChar *s, int32_t length, UErrorCode *status) {
    if (U_FAILURE(*status)) {
        return NULL;
    }
    if (length < -1) {
        *status = U_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT_ERROR;
        return NULL;
    }
    ut = utext_setup(ut, 0, status);
    if (U_SUCCESS(*status)) {
        ut->clone        = ucstrTextClone;
        ut->nativeLength = ucstrTextLength;
        ut->access       = ucstrTextAccess;
        ut->extract      = ucstrTextExtract;
        ut->replace      = NULL;
        ut->copy         = NULL;
        ut->close        = ucstrTextClose;

        ut->context               = s;
        ut->providerProperties    = I32_FLAG(UTEXT_PROVIDER_STABLE_CHUNKS);
        if (length==-1) {
            ut->providerProperties |= I32_FLAG(UTEXT_PROVIDER_LENGTH_IS_EXPENSIVE);
        }
        ut->a                     = length;
        ut->chunk.contents        = s;
        ut->chunk.nativeStart     = 0;
        ut->chunk.nativeLimit     = length>=0? length : 0;
        ut->chunk.length          = ut->chunk.nativeLimit;
        ut->chunk.nonUTF16Indexes = FALSE;
    }
    return ut;
}