/*
********************************************************************************
*   Copyright (C) 1996-2001, International Business Machines
*   Corporation and others.  All Rights Reserved.
********************************************************************************
*
* File UCHAR.C
*
* Modification History:
*
*   Date        Name        Description
*   04/02/97    aliu        Creation.
*   4/15/99     Madhu       Updated all the function definitions for C Implementation
*   5/20/99     Madhu       Added the function u_getVersion()
*   8/19/1999   srl         Upgraded scripts to Unicode3.0 
*   11/11/1999  weiv        added u_isalnum(), cleaned comments
*   01/11/2000  helena      Renamed u_getVersion to u_getUnicodeVersion.
*   06/20/2000  helena      OS/400 port changes; mostly typecast.
******************************************************************************
*/

#include "unicode/utypes.h"
#include "unicode/uchar.h"
#include "unicode/udata.h"
#include "unicode/uloc.h"
#include "umutex.h"
#include "cmemory.h"
#include "cstring.h"
#include "ustr_imp.h"
#include "ucln_cmn.h"

/*
 * Since genprops overrides the general category for some control codes,
 * we need to hardcode ISO 8 controls for u_iscntrl(), u_isprint(), etc.
 */
#define IS_ISO_8_CONTROL(c) ((uint32_t)(c)<0x20 || (uint32_t)((c)-0x7f)<=0x20)

/* dynamically loaded Unicode character properties -------------------------- */

/* fallback properties for the ASCII range if the data cannot be loaded */
/* these are printed by genprops in verbose mode */
static const uint32_t staticProps32Table[]={
    /* 0x00 */ 0x48f,
    /* 0x01 */ 0x48f,
    /* 0x02 */ 0x48f,
    /* 0x03 */ 0x48f,
    /* 0x04 */ 0x48f,
    /* 0x05 */ 0x48f,
    /* 0x06 */ 0x48f,
    /* 0x07 */ 0x48f,
    /* 0x08 */ 0x48f,
    /* 0x09 */ 0x20c,
    /* 0x0a */ 0x1ce,
    /* 0x0b */ 0x20c,
    /* 0x0c */ 0x24d,
    /* 0x0d */ 0x1ce,
    /* 0x0e */ 0x48f,
    /* 0x0f */ 0x48f,
    /* 0x10 */ 0x48f,
    /* 0x11 */ 0x48f,
    /* 0x12 */ 0x48f,
    /* 0x13 */ 0x48f,
    /* 0x14 */ 0x48f,
    /* 0x15 */ 0x48f,
    /* 0x16 */ 0x48f,
    /* 0x17 */ 0x48f,
    /* 0x18 */ 0x48f,
    /* 0x19 */ 0x48f,
    /* 0x1a */ 0x48f,
    /* 0x1b */ 0x48f,
    /* 0x1c */ 0x1ce,
    /* 0x1d */ 0x1ce,
    /* 0x1e */ 0x1ce,
    /* 0x1f */ 0x20c,
    /* 0x20 */ 0x24c,
    /* 0x21 */ 0x297,
    /* 0x22 */ 0x297,
    /* 0x23 */ 0x117,
    /* 0x24 */ 0x119,
    /* 0x25 */ 0x117,
    /* 0x26 */ 0x297,
    /* 0x27 */ 0x297,
    /* 0x28 */ 0x100a94,
    /* 0x29 */ 0xfff00a95,
    /* 0x2a */ 0x297,
    /* 0x2b */ 0x118,
    /* 0x2c */ 0x197,
    /* 0x2d */ 0x113,
    /* 0x2e */ 0x197,
    /* 0x2f */ 0xd7,
    /* 0x30 */ 0x89,
    /* 0x31 */ 0x100089,
    /* 0x32 */ 0x200089,
    /* 0x33 */ 0x300089,
    /* 0x34 */ 0x400089,
    /* 0x35 */ 0x500089,
    /* 0x36 */ 0x600089,
    /* 0x37 */ 0x700089,
    /* 0x38 */ 0x800089,
    /* 0x39 */ 0x900089,
    /* 0x3a */ 0x197,
    /* 0x3b */ 0x297,
    /* 0x3c */ 0x200a98,
    /* 0x3d */ 0x298,
    /* 0x3e */ 0xffe00a98,
    /* 0x3f */ 0x297,
    /* 0x40 */ 0x297,
    /* 0x41 */ 0x2000001,
    /* 0x42 */ 0x2000001,
    /* 0x43 */ 0x2000001,
    /* 0x44 */ 0x2000001,
    /* 0x45 */ 0x2000001,
    /* 0x46 */ 0x2000001,
    /* 0x47 */ 0x2000001,
    /* 0x48 */ 0x2000001,
    /* 0x49 */ 0x2000001,
    /* 0x4a */ 0x2000001,
    /* 0x4b */ 0x2000001,
    /* 0x4c */ 0x2000001,
    /* 0x4d */ 0x2000001,
    /* 0x4e */ 0x2000001,
    /* 0x4f */ 0x2000001,
    /* 0x50 */ 0x2000001,
    /* 0x51 */ 0x2000001,
    /* 0x52 */ 0x2000001,
    /* 0x53 */ 0x2000001,
    /* 0x54 */ 0x2000001,
    /* 0x55 */ 0x2000001,
    /* 0x56 */ 0x2000001,
    /* 0x57 */ 0x2000001,
    /* 0x58 */ 0x2000001,
    /* 0x59 */ 0x2000001,
    /* 0x5a */ 0x2000001,
    /* 0x5b */ 0x200a94,
    /* 0x5c */ 0x297,
    /* 0x5d */ 0xffe00a95,
    /* 0x5e */ 0x29a,
    /* 0x5f */ 0x296,
    /* 0x60 */ 0x29a,
    /* 0x61 */ 0x2000002,
    /* 0x62 */ 0x2000002,
    /* 0x63 */ 0x2000002,
    /* 0x64 */ 0x2000002,
    /* 0x65 */ 0x2000002,
    /* 0x66 */ 0x2000002,
    /* 0x67 */ 0x2000002,
    /* 0x68 */ 0x2000002,
    /* 0x69 */ 0x2000002,
    /* 0x6a */ 0x2000002,
    /* 0x6b */ 0x2000002,
    /* 0x6c */ 0x2000002,
    /* 0x6d */ 0x2000002,
    /* 0x6e */ 0x2000002,
    /* 0x6f */ 0x2000002,
    /* 0x70 */ 0x2000002,
    /* 0x71 */ 0x2000002,
    /* 0x72 */ 0x2000002,
    /* 0x73 */ 0x2000002,
    /* 0x74 */ 0x2000002,
    /* 0x75 */ 0x2000002,
    /* 0x76 */ 0x2000002,
    /* 0x77 */ 0x2000002,
    /* 0x78 */ 0x2000002,
    /* 0x79 */ 0x2000002,
    /* 0x7a */ 0x2000002,
    /* 0x7b */ 0x200a94,
    /* 0x7c */ 0x298,
    /* 0x7d */ 0xffe00a95,
    /* 0x7e */ 0x298,
    /* 0x7f */ 0x48f,
    /* 0x80 */ 0x48f,
    /* 0x81 */ 0x48f,
    /* 0x82 */ 0x48f,
    /* 0x83 */ 0x48f,
    /* 0x84 */ 0x48f,
    /* 0x85 */ 0x1ce,
    /* 0x86 */ 0x48f,
    /* 0x87 */ 0x48f,
    /* 0x88 */ 0x48f,
    /* 0x89 */ 0x48f,
    /* 0x8a */ 0x48f,
    /* 0x8b */ 0x48f,
    /* 0x8c */ 0x48f,
    /* 0x8d */ 0x48f,
    /* 0x8e */ 0x48f,
    /* 0x8f */ 0x48f,
    /* 0x90 */ 0x48f,
    /* 0x91 */ 0x48f,
    /* 0x92 */ 0x48f,
    /* 0x93 */ 0x48f,
    /* 0x94 */ 0x48f,
    /* 0x95 */ 0x48f,
    /* 0x96 */ 0x48f,
    /* 0x97 */ 0x48f,
    /* 0x98 */ 0x48f,
    /* 0x99 */ 0x48f,
    /* 0x9a */ 0x48f,
    /* 0x9b */ 0x48f,
    /* 0x9c */ 0x48f,
    /* 0x9d */ 0x48f,
    /* 0x9e */ 0x48f,
    /* 0x9f */ 0x48f
};

/*
 * loaded uprops.dat -
 * for a description of the file format, see icu/source/tools/genprops/store.c
 */
#define DATA_NAME "uprops"
#define DATA_TYPE "dat"

static UDataMemory *propsData=NULL;

static uint8_t formatVersion[4]={ 0, 0, 0, 0 };
static UVersionInfo dataVersion={ 3, 0, 0, 0 };

static const uint16_t *propsTable=NULL;
#define props32Table ((uint32_t *)propsTable)

static const UChar *ucharsTable=NULL;

static int8_t havePropsData=0;

/* index values loaded from uprops.dat */
static uint16_t indexes[8];

enum {
    INDEX_STAGE_2_BITS,
    INDEX_STAGE_3_BITS,
    INDEX_EXCEPTIONS,
    INDEX_STAGE_3_INDEX,
    INDEX_PROPS,
    INDEX_UCHARS
};

#ifdef UCHAR_VARIABLE_TRIE_BITS
    /* access values calculated from indexes */
    static uint16_t stage23Bits, stage2Mask, stage3Mask;
#   define stage3Bits   indexes[INDEX_STAGE_3_BITS]
#else
    /* We are now hardcoding the bit distribution for the trie table access. */
#   define stage23Bits  10
#   define stage2Mask   0x3f
#   define stage3Mask   0xf
#   define stage3Bits   4
#endif

static UBool
isAcceptable(void *context,
             const char *type, const char *name,
             const UDataInfo *pInfo) {
    if(
        pInfo->size>=20 &&
        pInfo->isBigEndian==U_IS_BIG_ENDIAN &&
        pInfo->charsetFamily==U_CHARSET_FAMILY &&
        pInfo->dataFormat[0]==0x55 &&   /* dataFormat="UPro" */
        pInfo->dataFormat[1]==0x50 &&
        pInfo->dataFormat[2]==0x72 &&
        pInfo->dataFormat[3]==0x6f &&
        pInfo->formatVersion[0]==1
    ) {
        uprv_memcpy(formatVersion, pInfo->formatVersion, 4);
        uprv_memcpy(dataVersion, pInfo->dataVersion, 4);
        return TRUE;
    } else {
        return FALSE;
    }
}

UBool
uchar_cleanup()
{
    if (propsData) {
        udata_close(propsData);
        propsData = NULL;
    }
    propsTable = NULL;
    ucharsTable = NULL;
    havePropsData = FALSE;
    return TRUE;
}

static int8_t
loadPropsData() {
    /* load Unicode character properties data from file if necessary */
    if(havePropsData==0) {
        UErrorCode errorCode=U_ZERO_ERROR;
        UDataMemory *data;
        const uint16_t *p=NULL;

        /* open the data outside the mutex block */
        data=udata_openChoice(NULL, DATA_TYPE, DATA_NAME, isAcceptable, NULL, &errorCode);
        if(U_FAILURE(errorCode)) {
            return havePropsData=-1;
        }

        p=(const uint16_t *)udata_getMemory(data);

#ifndef UCHAR_VARIABLE_TRIE_BITS
        /*
         * We are now hardcoding the bit distribution for the trie table access.
         * Check that the file is stored accordingly.
         */
        if(p[INDEX_STAGE_2_BITS]!=6 || p[INDEX_STAGE_3_BITS]!=4) {
            udata_close(data);
            errorCode=U_INVALID_FORMAT_ERROR;
            return havePropsData=-1;
        }
#endif

        /* in the mutex block, set the data for this process */
        umtx_lock(NULL);
        if(propsData==NULL) {
            propsData=data;
            data=NULL;
            propsTable=p;
            p=NULL;
        }
        umtx_unlock(NULL);

        /* initialize some variables */
        uprv_memcpy(indexes, propsTable, 16);
#ifdef UCHAR_VARIABLE_TRIE_BITS
        stage23Bits=(uint16_t)(indexes[INDEX_STAGE_2_BITS]+indexes[INDEX_STAGE_3_BITS]);
        stage2Mask=(uint16_t)((1<<indexes[INDEX_STAGE_2_BITS])-1);
        stage3Mask=(uint16_t)((1<<indexes[INDEX_STAGE_3_BITS])-1);
#endif
        ucharsTable=(const UChar *)(props32Table+indexes[INDEX_UCHARS]);
        havePropsData=1;

        /* if a different thread set it first, then close the extra data */
        if(data!=NULL) {
            udata_close(data); /* NULL if it was set correctly */
        }
    }

    return havePropsData;
}

/* constants and macros for access to the data */
enum {
    EXC_UPPERCASE,
    EXC_LOWERCASE,
    EXC_TITLECASE,
    EXC_DIGIT_VALUE,
    EXC_NUMERIC_VALUE,
    EXC_DENOMINATOR_VALUE,
    EXC_MIRROR_MAPPING,
    EXC_SPECIAL_CASING,
    EXC_CASE_FOLDING
};

enum {
    EXCEPTION_SHIFT=5,
    BIDI_SHIFT,
    MIRROR_SHIFT=BIDI_SHIFT+5,
    VALUE_SHIFT=20,

    VALUE_BITS=32-VALUE_SHIFT
};

/* getting a uint32_t properties word from the data */
#define HAVE_DATA (havePropsData>0 || (havePropsData==0 && loadPropsData()>0))
#define VALIDATE(c) (((uint32_t)(c))<=0x10ffff && HAVE_DATA)
#define GET_PROPS_UNSAFE(c) \
    props32Table[ \
        propsTable[ \
            propsTable[ \
                propsTable[8+((c)>>stage23Bits)]+ \
                (((c)>>stage3Bits)&stage2Mask)]+ \
            ((c)&stage3Mask) \
        ] \
    ]
#define GET_PROPS(c) \
    (((uint32_t)(c))<=0x10ffff ? \
        HAVE_DATA ? \
            GET_PROPS_UNSAFE(c) \
        : (c)<=0x9f ? \
            staticProps32Table[c] \
        : 0 \
    : 0)
#define PROPS_VALUE_IS_EXCEPTION(props) ((props)&(1UL<<EXCEPTION_SHIFT))
#define GET_CATEGORY(props) ((props)&0x1f)
#define GET_UNSIGNED_VALUE(props) ((props)>>VALUE_SHIFT)
#define GET_SIGNED_VALUE(props) ((int32_t)(props)>>VALUE_SHIFT)
#define GET_EXCEPTIONS(props) (props32Table+indexes[INDEX_EXCEPTIONS]+GET_UNSIGNED_VALUE(props))

/* finding an exception value */
#define HAVE_EXCEPTION_VALUE(flags, index) ((flags)&(1UL<<(index)))

/* number of bits in an 8-bit integer value */
#define EXC_GROUP 8
static const uint8_t flagsOffset[256]={
    0, 1, 1, 2, 1, 2, 2, 3, 1, 2, 2, 3, 2, 3, 3, 4,
    1, 2, 2, 3, 2, 3, 3, 4, 2, 3, 3, 4, 3, 4, 4, 5,
    1, 2, 2, 3, 2, 3, 3, 4, 2, 3, 3, 4, 3, 4, 4, 5,
    2, 3, 3, 4, 3, 4, 4, 5, 3, 4, 4, 5, 4, 5, 5, 6,
    1, 2, 2, 3, 2, 3, 3, 4, 2, 3, 3, 4, 3, 4, 4, 5,
    2, 3, 3, 4, 3, 4, 4, 5, 3, 4, 4, 5, 4, 5, 5, 6,
    2, 3, 3, 4, 3, 4, 4, 5, 3, 4, 4, 5, 4, 5, 5, 6,
    3, 4, 4, 5, 4, 5, 5, 6, 4, 5, 5, 6, 5, 6, 6, 7,
    1, 2, 2, 3, 2, 3, 3, 4, 2, 3, 3, 4, 3, 4, 4, 5,
    2, 3, 3, 4, 3, 4, 4, 5, 3, 4, 4, 5, 4, 5, 5, 6,
    2, 3, 3, 4, 3, 4, 4, 5, 3, 4, 4, 5, 4, 5, 5, 6,
    3, 4, 4, 5, 4, 5, 5, 6, 4, 5, 5, 6, 5, 6, 6, 7,
    2, 3, 3, 4, 3, 4, 4, 5, 3, 4, 4, 5, 4, 5, 5, 6,
    3, 4, 4, 5, 4, 5, 5, 6, 4, 5, 5, 6, 5, 6, 6, 7,
    3, 4, 4, 5, 4, 5, 5, 6, 4, 5, 5, 6, 5, 6, 6, 7,
    4, 5, 5, 6, 5, 6, 6, 7, 5, 6, 6, 7, 6, 7, 7, 8
};

#define ADD_EXCEPTION_OFFSET(flags, index, offset) { \
    if((index)>=EXC_GROUP) { \
        (offset)+=flagsOffset[(flags)&((1<<EXC_GROUP)-1)]; \
        (flags)>>=EXC_GROUP; \
        (index)-=EXC_GROUP; \
    } \
    (offset)+=flagsOffset[(flags)&((1<<(index))-1)]; \
}

U_CFUNC UBool
uprv_haveProperties() {
    return (UBool)HAVE_DATA;
}

/* API functions ------------------------------------------------------------ */

/* Gets the Unicode character's general category.*/
U_CAPI int8_t U_EXPORT2
u_charType(UChar32 c) {
    return (int8_t)GET_CATEGORY(GET_PROPS(c));
}

/* Checks if ch is a lower case letter.*/
U_CAPI UBool U_EXPORT2
u_islower(UChar32 c) {
    return (UBool)(GET_CATEGORY(GET_PROPS(c))==U_LOWERCASE_LETTER);
}

/* Checks if ch is an upper case letter.*/
U_CAPI UBool U_EXPORT2
u_isupper(UChar32 c) {
    return (UBool)(GET_CATEGORY(GET_PROPS(c))==U_UPPERCASE_LETTER);
}

/* Checks if ch is a title case letter; usually upper case letters.*/
U_CAPI UBool U_EXPORT2
u_istitle(UChar32 c) {
    return (UBool)(GET_CATEGORY(GET_PROPS(c))==U_TITLECASE_LETTER);
}

/* Checks if ch is a decimal digit. */
U_CAPI UBool U_EXPORT2
u_isdigit(UChar32 c) {
    return (UBool)(((1UL<<GET_CATEGORY(GET_PROPS(c)))&
            (1UL<<U_DECIMAL_DIGIT_NUMBER|1UL<<U_OTHER_NUMBER|1UL<<U_LETTER_NUMBER)
           )!=0);
}

/* Checks if the Unicode character is a letter.*/
U_CAPI UBool U_EXPORT2
u_isalpha(UChar32 c) {
    return (UBool)(((1UL<<GET_CATEGORY(GET_PROPS(c)))&
            (1UL<<U_UPPERCASE_LETTER|1UL<<U_LOWERCASE_LETTER|1UL<<U_TITLECASE_LETTER|1UL<<U_MODIFIER_LETTER|1UL<<U_OTHER_LETTER)
           )!=0);
}

/* Checks if ch is a letter or a decimal digit */
U_CAPI UBool U_EXPORT2
u_isalnum(UChar32 c) {
    return (UBool)(((1UL<<GET_CATEGORY(GET_PROPS(c)))&
            (1UL<<U_DECIMAL_DIGIT_NUMBER|1UL<<U_OTHER_NUMBER|1UL<<U_LETTER_NUMBER|
             1UL<<U_UPPERCASE_LETTER|1UL<<U_LOWERCASE_LETTER|1UL<<U_TITLECASE_LETTER|1UL<<U_MODIFIER_LETTER|1UL<<U_OTHER_LETTER)
           )!=0);
}

/* Checks if ch is a unicode character with assigned character type.*/
U_CAPI UBool U_EXPORT2
u_isdefined(UChar32 c) {
    return (UBool)(GET_PROPS(c)!=0);
}

/* Checks if the Unicode character is a base form character that can take a diacritic.*/
U_CAPI UBool U_EXPORT2
u_isbase(UChar32 c) {
    return (UBool)(((1UL<<GET_CATEGORY(GET_PROPS(c)))&
            (1UL<<U_DECIMAL_DIGIT_NUMBER|1UL<<U_OTHER_NUMBER|1UL<<U_LETTER_NUMBER|
             1UL<<U_UPPERCASE_LETTER|1UL<<U_LOWERCASE_LETTER|1UL<<U_TITLECASE_LETTER|1UL<<U_MODIFIER_LETTER|1UL<<U_OTHER_LETTER|
             1UL<<U_NON_SPACING_MARK|1UL<<U_ENCLOSING_MARK|1UL<<U_COMBINING_SPACING_MARK)
           )!=0);
}

/* Checks if the Unicode character is a control character.*/
U_CAPI UBool U_EXPORT2
u_iscntrl(UChar32 c) {
    return (UBool)(
           IS_ISO_8_CONTROL(c) ||
           ((1UL<<GET_CATEGORY(GET_PROPS(c)))&
            (1UL<<U_CONTROL_CHAR|1UL<<U_FORMAT_CHAR|1UL<<U_LINE_SEPARATOR|1UL<<U_PARAGRAPH_SEPARATOR)
           )!=0);
}

/* Checks if the Unicode character is a space character.*/
UBool
u_isspace(UChar32 c) {
    return (UBool)(((1UL<<GET_CATEGORY(GET_PROPS(c)))&
            (1UL<<U_SPACE_SEPARATOR|1UL<<U_LINE_SEPARATOR|1UL<<U_PARAGRAPH_SEPARATOR)
           )!=0);
}

/* Checks if the Unicode character is a whitespace character.*/
U_CAPI UBool U_EXPORT2
u_isWhitespace(UChar32 c) {
    return (UBool)(((1UL<<GET_CATEGORY(GET_PROPS(c)))&
            (1UL<<U_SPACE_SEPARATOR|1UL<<U_LINE_SEPARATOR|1UL<<U_PARAGRAPH_SEPARATOR)
           )!=0 &&
           c!=0xa0 && c!=0x202f && c!=0xfeff); /* exclude no-break spaces */
}

/* Checks if the Unicode character is printable.*/
U_CAPI UBool U_EXPORT2
u_isprint(UChar32 c) {
    return (UBool)(
            !IS_ISO_8_CONTROL(c) &&
            ((1UL<<GET_CATEGORY(GET_PROPS(c)))&
            ~(1UL<<U_UNASSIGNED|
              1UL<<U_CONTROL_CHAR|1UL<<U_FORMAT_CHAR|1UL<<U_PRIVATE_USE_CHAR|1UL<<U_SURROGATE|
              1UL<<U_GENERAL_OTHER_TYPES|1UL<<31)
           )!=0);
}

/* Checks if the Unicode character can start a Unicode identifier.*/
U_CAPI UBool U_EXPORT2
u_isIDStart(UChar32 c) {
    /* same as u_isalpha() */
    return (UBool)(((1UL<<GET_CATEGORY(GET_PROPS(c)))&
            (1UL<<U_UPPERCASE_LETTER|1UL<<U_LOWERCASE_LETTER|1UL<<U_TITLECASE_LETTER|1UL<<U_MODIFIER_LETTER|1UL<<U_OTHER_LETTER)
           )!=0);
}

/* Checks if the Unicode character can be a Unicode identifier part other than starting the
 identifier.*/
U_CAPI UBool U_EXPORT2
u_isIDPart(UChar32 c) {
    return (UBool)(
           ((1UL<<GET_CATEGORY(GET_PROPS(c)))&
            (1UL<<U_DECIMAL_DIGIT_NUMBER|1UL<<U_LETTER_NUMBER|
             1UL<<U_UPPERCASE_LETTER|1UL<<U_LOWERCASE_LETTER|1UL<<U_TITLECASE_LETTER|1UL<<U_MODIFIER_LETTER|1UL<<U_OTHER_LETTER|
             1UL<<U_CONNECTOR_PUNCTUATION|1UL<<U_COMBINING_SPACING_MARK|1UL<<U_NON_SPACING_MARK)
           )!=0 ||
           u_isIDIgnorable(c));
}

/*Checks if the Unicode character can be ignorable in a Java or Unicode identifier.*/
U_CAPI UBool U_EXPORT2
u_isIDIgnorable(UChar32 c) {
    return (UBool)((uint32_t)c<=8 ||
           (uint32_t)(c-0xe)<=(0x1b-0xe) ||
           (uint32_t)(c-0x7f)<=(0x9f-0x7f) ||
           (uint32_t)(c-0x200a)<=(0x200f-0x200a) ||
           (uint32_t)(c-0x206a)<=(0x206f-0x206a) ||
           c==0xfeff);
}

/*Checks if the Unicode character can start a Java identifier.*/
U_CAPI UBool U_EXPORT2
u_isJavaIDStart(UChar32 c) {
    return (UBool)(
           ((1UL<<GET_CATEGORY(GET_PROPS(c)))&
            (1UL<<U_UPPERCASE_LETTER|1UL<<U_LOWERCASE_LETTER|1UL<<U_TITLECASE_LETTER|1UL<<U_MODIFIER_LETTER|1UL<<U_OTHER_LETTER|
             1UL<<U_CURRENCY_SYMBOL|1UL<<U_CONNECTOR_PUNCTUATION)
           )!=0);
}

/*Checks if the Unicode character can be a Java identifier part other than starting the
 * identifier.
 */
U_CAPI UBool U_EXPORT2
u_isJavaIDPart(UChar32 c) {
    return (UBool)(
           ((1UL<<GET_CATEGORY(GET_PROPS(c)))&
            (1UL<<U_DECIMAL_DIGIT_NUMBER|1UL<<U_LETTER_NUMBER|
             1UL<<U_UPPERCASE_LETTER|1UL<<U_LOWERCASE_LETTER|1UL<<U_TITLECASE_LETTER|1UL<<U_MODIFIER_LETTER|1UL<<U_OTHER_LETTER|
             1UL<<U_CURRENCY_SYMBOL|1UL<<U_CONNECTOR_PUNCTUATION|
             1UL<<U_COMBINING_SPACING_MARK|1UL<<U_NON_SPACING_MARK)
           )!=0 ||
           u_isIDIgnorable(c));
}

/* Transforms the Unicode character to its lower case equivalent.*/
U_CAPI UChar32 U_EXPORT2
u_tolower(UChar32 c) {
    uint32_t props=GET_PROPS(c);
    if(!PROPS_VALUE_IS_EXCEPTION(props)) {
        if((1UL<<GET_CATEGORY(props))&(1UL<<U_UPPERCASE_LETTER|1UL<<U_TITLECASE_LETTER)) {
            return c+GET_SIGNED_VALUE(props);
        }
    } else {
        uint32_t *pe=GET_EXCEPTIONS(props);
        uint32_t firstExceptionValue=*pe;
        if(HAVE_EXCEPTION_VALUE(firstExceptionValue, EXC_LOWERCASE)) {
            int i=EXC_LOWERCASE;
            ++pe;
            ADD_EXCEPTION_OFFSET(firstExceptionValue, i, pe);
            return (UChar32)*pe;
        }
    }
    return c; /* no mapping - return c itself */
}
    
/* Transforms the Unicode character to its upper case equivalent.*/
U_CAPI UChar32 U_EXPORT2
u_toupper(UChar32 c) {
    uint32_t props=GET_PROPS(c);
    if(!PROPS_VALUE_IS_EXCEPTION(props)) {
        if(GET_CATEGORY(props)==U_LOWERCASE_LETTER) {
            return c-GET_SIGNED_VALUE(props);
        }
    } else {
        uint32_t *pe=GET_EXCEPTIONS(props);
        uint32_t firstExceptionValue=*pe;
        if(HAVE_EXCEPTION_VALUE(firstExceptionValue, EXC_UPPERCASE)) {
            int i=EXC_UPPERCASE;
            ++pe;
            ADD_EXCEPTION_OFFSET(firstExceptionValue, i, pe);
            return (UChar32)*pe;
        }
    }
    return c; /* no mapping - return c itself */
}

/* Transforms the Unicode character to its title case equivalent.*/
U_CAPI UChar32 U_EXPORT2
u_totitle(UChar32 c) {
    uint32_t props=GET_PROPS(c);
    if(!PROPS_VALUE_IS_EXCEPTION(props)) {
        if(GET_CATEGORY(props)==U_LOWERCASE_LETTER) {
            /* here, titlecase is same as uppercase */
            return c-GET_SIGNED_VALUE(props);
        }
    } else {
        uint32_t *pe=GET_EXCEPTIONS(props);
        uint32_t firstExceptionValue=*pe;
        if(HAVE_EXCEPTION_VALUE(firstExceptionValue, EXC_TITLECASE)) {
            int i=EXC_TITLECASE;
            ++pe;
            ADD_EXCEPTION_OFFSET(firstExceptionValue, i, pe);
            return (UChar32)*pe;
        } else if(HAVE_EXCEPTION_VALUE(firstExceptionValue, EXC_UPPERCASE)) {
            /* here, titlecase is same as uppercase */
            int i=EXC_UPPERCASE;
            ++pe;
            ADD_EXCEPTION_OFFSET(firstExceptionValue, i, pe);
            return (UChar32)*pe;
        }
    }
    return c; /* no mapping - return c itself */
}

U_CAPI int32_t U_EXPORT2
u_charDigitValue(UChar32 c) {
    uint32_t props=GET_PROPS(c);
    if(!PROPS_VALUE_IS_EXCEPTION(props)) {
        if(GET_CATEGORY(props)==U_DECIMAL_DIGIT_NUMBER) {
            return GET_SIGNED_VALUE(props);
        }
    } else {
        uint32_t *pe=GET_EXCEPTIONS(props);
        uint32_t firstExceptionValue=*pe;
        if(HAVE_EXCEPTION_VALUE(firstExceptionValue, EXC_DIGIT_VALUE)) {
            int32_t value;
            int i=EXC_DIGIT_VALUE;
            ++pe;
            ADD_EXCEPTION_OFFSET(firstExceptionValue, i, pe);
            value=(int32_t)(int16_t)*pe; /* the digit value is in bits 15..0 */
            if(value!=-1) {
                return value;
            }
        }
    }

    /* if there is no value in the properties table, then check for some special characters */
    switch(c) {
    case 0x3007:    return 0; /* Han Zero*/
    case 0x4e00:    return 1; /* Han One*/
    case 0x4e8c:    return 2; /* Han Two*/
    case 0x4e09:    return 3; /* Han Three*/
    case 0x56d8:    return 4; /* Han Four*/
    case 0x4e94:    return 5; /* Han Five*/
    case 0x516d:    return 6; /* Han Six*/
    case 0x4e03:    return 7; /* Han Seven*/
    case 0x516b:    return 8; /* Han Eight*/
    case 0x4e5d:    return 9; /* Han Nine*/
    default:        return -1; /* no value */
    }
}

/* Gets the character's linguistic directionality.*/
U_CAPI UCharDirection U_EXPORT2
u_charDirection(UChar32 c) {   
    uint32_t props=GET_PROPS(c);
    if(props!=0) {
        return (UCharDirection)((props>>BIDI_SHIFT)&0x1f);
    } else {
        return U_BOUNDARY_NEUTRAL;
    }
}

U_CAPI UBool U_EXPORT2
u_isMirrored(UChar32 c) {
    return (UBool)(GET_PROPS(c)&(1UL<<MIRROR_SHIFT) ? TRUE : FALSE);
}

U_CAPI UChar32 U_EXPORT2
u_charMirror(UChar32 c) {
    uint32_t props=GET_PROPS(c);
    if((props&(1UL<<MIRROR_SHIFT))==0) {
        /* not mirrored - the value is not a mirror offset */
        return c;
    } else if(!PROPS_VALUE_IS_EXCEPTION(props)) {
        return c+GET_SIGNED_VALUE(props);
    } else {
        uint32_t *pe=GET_EXCEPTIONS(props);
        uint32_t firstExceptionValue=*pe;
        if(HAVE_EXCEPTION_VALUE(firstExceptionValue, EXC_MIRROR_MAPPING)) {
            int i=EXC_MIRROR_MAPPING;
            ++pe;
            ADD_EXCEPTION_OFFSET(firstExceptionValue, i, pe);
            return (UChar32)*pe;
        } else {
            return c;
        }
    }
}

U_CFUNC uint8_t
u_internalGetCombiningClass(UChar32 c) {
    uint32_t props=GET_PROPS_UNSAFE(c);
    if(!PROPS_VALUE_IS_EXCEPTION(props)) {
        if(GET_CATEGORY(props)==U_NON_SPACING_MARK) {
            return (uint8_t)GET_UNSIGNED_VALUE(props);
        } else {
            return 0;
        }
    } else {
        /* the combining class is in bits 23..16 of the first exception value */
        return (uint8_t)(*GET_EXCEPTIONS(props)>>16);
    }
}

U_CAPI uint8_t U_EXPORT2
u_getCombiningClass(UChar32 c) {
    uint32_t props=GET_PROPS(c);
    if(!PROPS_VALUE_IS_EXCEPTION(props)) {
        if(GET_CATEGORY(props)==U_NON_SPACING_MARK) {
            return (uint8_t)GET_UNSIGNED_VALUE(props);
        } else {
            return 0;
        }
    } else {
        /* the combining class is in bits 23..16 of the first exception value */
        return (uint8_t)(*GET_EXCEPTIONS(props)>>16);
    }
}

U_CAPI int8_t U_EXPORT2
u_digit(UChar32 ch, int8_t radix) {
    int8_t value;
    if((uint8_t)(radix-2)<=(36-2)) {
        value=(int8_t)u_charDigitValue(ch);
        if(value<0) {
            /* ch is not a decimal digit, try latin letters */
            if(ch>=0x61 && ch<=0x7A) {
                value=(int8_t)(ch-0x57);  /* ch - 'a' + 10 */
            } else if(ch>=0x41 && ch<=0x5A) {
                value=(int8_t)(ch-0x37);  /* ch - 'A' + 10 */
            }
        }
    } else {
        value=-1;   /* invalid radix */
    }
    return (int8_t)((value<radix) ? value : -1);
}

U_CAPI UChar32 U_EXPORT2
u_forDigit(int32_t digit, int8_t radix) {
    if((uint8_t)(radix-2)>(36-2) || (uint32_t)digit>=(uint32_t)radix) {
        return 0;
    } else if(digit<10) {
        return (UChar32)(0x30+digit);
    } else {
        return (UChar32)((0x61-10)+digit);
    }
}

/* static data tables ------------------------------------------------------- */

/**********************************************************
 *
 * WARNING: The below map is machine generated
 * by genscrpt after parsing Blocks.txt,
 * plese donot edit unless you know what you are doing
 *
 **********************************************************
 */

#define UBLOCK_CODE_INDEX_SIZE 98

struct UBlockCodeMap {
   const UChar32       fFirstCode;
   const UChar32       fLastCode;
   const UBlockCode    code;
};
typedef struct UBlockCodeMap UBlockCodeMap;

static const UBlockCodeMap blockCodeIndex[UBLOCK_CODE_INDEX_SIZE] = {
       { 0x00000000, 0x0000007F, UBLOCK_BASIC_LATIN },
       { 0x00000080, 0x000000FF, UBLOCK_LATIN_1_SUPPLEMENT },
       { 0x00000100, 0x0000017F, UBLOCK_LATIN_EXTENDED_A },
       { 0x00000180, 0x0000024F, UBLOCK_LATIN_EXTENDED_B },
       { 0x00000250, 0x000002AF, UBLOCK_IPA_EXTENSIONS },
       { 0x000002B0, 0x000002FF, UBLOCK_SPACING_MODIFIER_LETTERS },
       { 0x00000300, 0x0000036F, UBLOCK_COMBINING_DIACRITICAL_MARKS },
       { 0x00000370, 0x000003FF, UBLOCK_GREEK },
       { 0x00000400, 0x000004FF, UBLOCK_CYRILLIC },
       { 0x00000530, 0x0000058F, UBLOCK_ARMENIAN },
       { 0x00000590, 0x000005FF, UBLOCK_HEBREW },
       { 0x00000600, 0x000006FF, UBLOCK_ARABIC },
       { 0x00000700, 0x0000074F, UBLOCK_SYRIAC },
       { 0x00000780, 0x000007BF, UBLOCK_THAANA },
       { 0x00000900, 0x0000097F, UBLOCK_DEVANAGARI },
       { 0x00000980, 0x000009FF, UBLOCK_BENGALI },
       { 0x00000A00, 0x00000A7F, UBLOCK_GURMUKHI },
       { 0x00000A80, 0x00000AFF, UBLOCK_GUJARATI },
       { 0x00000B00, 0x00000B7F, UBLOCK_ORIYA },
       { 0x00000B80, 0x00000BFF, UBLOCK_TAMIL },
       { 0x00000C00, 0x00000C7F, UBLOCK_TELUGU },
       { 0x00000C80, 0x00000CFF, UBLOCK_KANNADA },
       { 0x00000D00, 0x00000D7F, UBLOCK_MALAYALAM },
       { 0x00000D80, 0x00000DFF, UBLOCK_SINHALA },
       { 0x00000E00, 0x00000E7F, UBLOCK_THAI },
       { 0x00000E80, 0x00000EFF, UBLOCK_LAO },
       { 0x00000F00, 0x00000FFF, UBLOCK_TIBETAN },
       { 0x00001000, 0x0000109F, UBLOCK_MYANMAR },
       { 0x000010A0, 0x000010FF, UBLOCK_GEORGIAN },
       { 0x00001100, 0x000011FF, UBLOCK_HANGUL_JAMO },
       { 0x00001200, 0x0000137F, UBLOCK_ETHIOPIC },
       { 0x000013A0, 0x000013FF, UBLOCK_CHEROKEE },
       { 0x00001400, 0x0000167F, UBLOCK_UNIFIED_CANADIAN_ABORIGINAL_SYLLABICS },
       { 0x00001680, 0x0000169F, UBLOCK_OGHAM },
       { 0x000016A0, 0x000016FF, UBLOCK_RUNIC },
       { 0x00001780, 0x000017FF, UBLOCK_KHMER },
       { 0x00001800, 0x000018AF, UBLOCK_MONGOLIAN },
       { 0x00001E00, 0x00001EFF, UBLOCK_LATIN_EXTENDED_ADDITIONAL },
       { 0x00001F00, 0x00001FFF, UBLOCK_GREEK_EXTENDED },
       { 0x00002000, 0x0000206F, UBLOCK_GENERAL_PUNCTUATION },
       { 0x00002070, 0x0000209F, UBLOCK_SUPERSCRIPTS_AND_SUBSCRIPTS },
       { 0x000020A0, 0x000020CF, UBLOCK_CURRENCY_SYMBOLS },
       { 0x000020D0, 0x000020FF, UBLOCK_COMBINING_MARKS_FOR_SYMBOLS },
       { 0x00002100, 0x0000214F, UBLOCK_LETTERLIKE_SYMBOLS },
       { 0x00002150, 0x0000218F, UBLOCK_NUMBER_FORMS },
       { 0x00002190, 0x000021FF, UBLOCK_ARROWS },
       { 0x00002200, 0x000022FF, UBLOCK_MATHEMATICAL_OPERATORS },
       { 0x00002300, 0x000023FF, UBLOCK_MISCELLANEOUS_TECHNICAL },
       { 0x00002400, 0x0000243F, UBLOCK_CONTROL_PICTURES },
       { 0x00002440, 0x0000245F, UBLOCK_OPTICAL_CHARACTER_RECOGNITION },
       { 0x00002460, 0x000024FF, UBLOCK_ENCLOSED_ALPHANUMERICS },
       { 0x00002500, 0x0000257F, UBLOCK_BOX_DRAWING },
       { 0x00002580, 0x0000259F, UBLOCK_BLOCK_ELEMENTS },
       { 0x000025A0, 0x000025FF, UBLOCK_GEOMETRIC_SHAPES },
       { 0x00002600, 0x000026FF, UBLOCK_MISCELLANEOUS_SYMBOLS },
       { 0x00002700, 0x000027BF, UBLOCK_DINGBATS },
       { 0x00002800, 0x000028FF, UBLOCK_BRAILLE_PATTERNS },
       { 0x00002E80, 0x00002EFF, UBLOCK_CJK_RADICALS_SUPPLEMENT },
       { 0x00002F00, 0x00002FDF, UBLOCK_KANGXI_RADICALS },
       { 0x00002FF0, 0x00002FFF, UBLOCK_IDEOGRAPHIC_DESCRIPTION_CHARACTERS },
       { 0x00003000, 0x0000303F, UBLOCK_CJK_SYMBOLS_AND_PUNCTUATION },
       { 0x00003040, 0x0000309F, UBLOCK_HIRAGANA },
       { 0x000030A0, 0x000030FF, UBLOCK_KATAKANA },
       { 0x00003100, 0x0000312F, UBLOCK_BOPOMOFO },
       { 0x00003130, 0x0000318F, UBLOCK_HANGUL_COMPATIBILITY_JAMO },
       { 0x00003190, 0x0000319F, UBLOCK_KANBUN },
       { 0x000031A0, 0x000031BF, UBLOCK_BOPOMOFO_EXTENDED },
       { 0x00003200, 0x000032FF, UBLOCK_ENCLOSED_CJK_LETTERS_AND_MONTHS },
       { 0x00003300, 0x000033FF, UBLOCK_CJK_COMPATIBILITY },
       { 0x00003400, 0x00004DB5, UBLOCK_CJK_UNIFIED_IDEOGRAPHS_EXTENSION_A },
       { 0x00004E00, 0x00009FFF, UBLOCK_CJK_UNIFIED_IDEOGRAPHS },
       { 0x0000A000, 0x0000A48F, UBLOCK_YI_SYLLABLES },
       { 0x0000A490, 0x0000A4CF, UBLOCK_YI_RADICALS },
       { 0x0000AC00, 0x0000D7A3, UBLOCK_HANGUL_SYLLABLES },
       { 0x0000D800, 0x0000DB7F, UBLOCK_HIGH_SURROGATES },
       { 0x0000DB80, 0x0000DBFF, UBLOCK_HIGH_PRIVATE_USE_SURROGATES },
       { 0x0000DC00, 0x0000DFFF, UBLOCK_LOW_SURROGATES },
       { 0x0000E000, 0x0000F8FF, UBLOCK_PRIVATE_USE },
       { 0x0000F900, 0x0000FAFF, UBLOCK_CJK_COMPATIBILITY_IDEOGRAPHS },
       { 0x0000FB00, 0x0000FB4F, UBLOCK_ALPHABETIC_PRESENTATION_FORMS },
       { 0x0000FB50, 0x0000FDFF, UBLOCK_ARABIC_PRESENTATION_FORMS_A },
       { 0x0000FE20, 0x0000FE2F, UBLOCK_COMBINING_HALF_MARKS },
       { 0x0000FE30, 0x0000FE4F, UBLOCK_CJK_COMPATIBILITY_FORMS },
       { 0x0000FE50, 0x0000FE6F, UBLOCK_SMALL_FORM_VARIANTS },
       { 0x0000FE70, 0x0000FEFE, UBLOCK_ARABIC_PRESENTATION_FORMS_B },
       { 0x0000FEFF, 0x0000FEFF, UBLOCK_SPECIALS },
       { 0x0000FF00, 0x0000FFEF, UBLOCK_HALFWIDTH_AND_FULLWIDTH_FORMS },
       { 0x0000FFF0, 0x0000FFFD, UBLOCK_SPECIALS },
       { 0x00010300, 0x0001032F, UBLOCK_OLD_ITALIC },
       { 0x00010330, 0x0001034F, UBLOCK_GOTHIC },
       { 0x00010400, 0x0001044F, UBLOCK_DESERET },
       { 0x0001D000, 0x0001D0FF, UBLOCK_BYZANTINE_MUSICAL_SYMBOLS },
       { 0x0001D100, 0x0001D1FF, UBLOCK_MUSICAL_SYMBOLS },
       { 0x0001D400, 0x0001D7FF, UBLOCK_MATHEMATICAL_ALPHANUMERIC_SYMBOLS },
       { 0x00020000, 0x0002A6D6, UBLOCK_CJK_UNIFIED_IDEOGRAPHS_EXTENSION_B },
       { 0x0002F800, 0x0002FA1F, UBLOCK_CJK_COMPATIBILITY_IDEOGRAPHS_SUPPLEMENT },
       { 0x000E0000, 0x000E007F, UBLOCK_TAGS },
       { 0x000F0000, 0x000FFFFD, UBLOCK_PRIVATE_USE },
};

/* Get the script associated with the character*/
UBlockCode
ublock_getCode(UChar32 codepoint)
{
    /* binary search the map and return the code */
    int32_t left, middle, right,rc;
    
    left =0;
    right= UBLOCK_CODE_INDEX_SIZE-1;

    while(left <= right){
        middle = (left+right)/2;
        /* check if the codepoint is the valid range */
        if((uint32_t)(blockCodeIndex[middle].fLastCode - codepoint) <=
           (blockCodeIndex[middle].fLastCode - blockCodeIndex[middle].fFirstCode)
           ){
            rc = 0;
        }else if(codepoint> blockCodeIndex[middle].fLastCode){
            rc =-1;
        }else {
            rc = 1;
        }

        if(rc<0){
            left = middle+1;
        }else if(rc >0){
            right = middle -1;
        }else{
            return  blockCodeIndex[middle].code;
        }
    }
    return UBLOCK_INVALID_CODE;
}

/******************************************************/

static const UChar cellWidthRanges[] =
{
    0x0000, /* general scripts area*/
    0x1100, /* combining Hangul choseong*/
    0x1160, /* combining Hangul jungseong and jongseong*/
    0x1e00, /* Latin Extended Additional, Greek Extended*/
    0x2000, /* symbols and punctuation*/
    0x3000, /* CJK phonetics & symbols, CJK ideographs, Hangul syllables*/
    0xd800, /* surrogates, private use*/
    0xf900, /* CJK compatibility ideographs*/
    0xfb00, /* alphabetic presentation forms, Arabic presentations forms A, combining half marks*/
    0xfe30, /* CJK compatibility forms, small form variants*/
    0xfe70, /* Arabic presentation forms B*/
    0xff00, /* fullwidth ASCII*/
    0xff60, /* halfwidth, CJK punctuation, Katakana, Hangul Jamo*/
    0xffe0, /* fullwidth punctuation and currency signs*/
    0xffe8, /* halfwidth forms, arrows, and shapes*/
    0xfff0  /* specials*/
};

static const UChar cellWidthValues[] =
{
    U_HALF_WIDTH,    /* general scripts area*/
    U_FULL_WIDTH,    /* combining Hangul choseong*/
    U_ZERO_WIDTH,    /* combining Hangul jungseong and jongseong*/
    U_HALF_WIDTH,    /* Latin extended aAdditional, Greek extended*/
    U_NEUTRAL_WIDTH, /* symbols and punctuation*/
    U_FULL_WIDTH,    /* CJK phonetics & symbols, CJK ideographs, Hangul syllables*/
    U_NEUTRAL_WIDTH, /* surrogates, private use*/
    U_FULL_WIDTH,    /* CJK compatibility ideographs*/
    U_HALF_WIDTH,    /* alphabetic presentation forms, Arabic presentations forms A, combining half marks*/
    U_FULL_WIDTH,    /* CJK compatibility forms, small form variants*/
    U_HALF_WIDTH,    /* Arabic presentation forms B*/
    U_FULL_WIDTH,    /* fullwidth ASCII*/
    U_HALF_WIDTH,    /* halfwidth CJK punctuation, Katakana, Hangul Jamo*/
    U_FULL_WIDTH,    /* fullwidth punctuation and currency signs*/
    U_HALF_WIDTH,    /* halfwidth forms, arrows, and shapes*/
    U_ZERO_WIDTH     /* specials*/
};

#define NUM_CELL_WIDTH_VALUES (sizeof(cellWidthValues)/sizeof(cellWidthValues[0]))
/* Gets table cell width of the Unicode character.*/
uint16_t
u_charCellWidth(UChar32 ch)
{
    int16_t i;
    int32_t type = u_charType(ch);

    /* surrogate support is still incomplete */
    if((uint32_t)ch>0xffff) {
        return U_ZERO_WIDTH;
    }

    /* these Unicode character types are scattered throughout the Unicode range, so
     special-case for them*/
    if(IS_ISO_8_CONTROL(ch)) {
        return U_ZERO_WIDTH;
    }
    switch (type) {
        case U_UNASSIGNED:
        case U_NON_SPACING_MARK:
        case U_ENCLOSING_MARK:
        case U_LINE_SEPARATOR:
        case U_PARAGRAPH_SEPARATOR:
        case U_CONTROL_CHAR:
        case U_FORMAT_CHAR:
            return U_ZERO_WIDTH;

        default:
            /* for all remaining characters, find out which Unicode range they belong to using
               the table above, and then look up the appropriate return value in that table*/
            for (i = 0; i < (int16_t)NUM_CELL_WIDTH_VALUES; ++i) {
                if (ch < cellWidthRanges[i]) {
                    break;
                }
            }
            --i;
            return cellWidthValues[i];
    }
}

void u_getUnicodeVersion(UVersionInfo versionArray) {
    if(versionArray!=NULL) {
        uprv_memcpy(versionArray, dataVersion, U_MAX_VERSION_LENGTH);
    }
}

/* string casing ------------------------------------------------------------ */

/*
 * These internal string case mapping functions are here instead of ustring.c
 * because we need efficient access to the character properties.
 */

enum {
    LOC_ROOT,
    LOC_TURKISH,
    LOC_LITHUANIAN
};

static int32_t
getCaseLocale(const char *locale) {
    char lang[32];
    UErrorCode errorCode;
    int32_t length;

    errorCode=U_ZERO_ERROR;
    length=uloc_getLanguage(locale, lang, sizeof(lang), &errorCode);
    if(U_FAILURE(errorCode) || length!=2) {
        return LOC_ROOT;
    }

    if( (locale[0]=='t' && locale[1]=='r') ||
        (locale[0]=='a' && locale[1]=='z')
    ) {
        return LOC_TURKISH;
    } else if(locale[0]=='l' && locale[1]=='t') {
        return LOC_LITHUANIAN;
    } else {
        return LOC_ROOT;
    }
}

/* Is case-ignorable? In Unicode 3.1.1, is {HYPHEN, SOFT HYPHEN, {Mn}} ? (Expected to change!) */
static U_INLINE UBool
isCaseIgnorable(UChar32 c, uint32_t category) {
    return category==U_NON_SPACING_MARK || c==0x2010 || c==0xad;
}

/* Is followed by {case-ignorable}* {Ll, Lu, Lt}  ? */
static UBool
isFollowedByCasedLetter(const UChar *src, UTextOffset srcIndex, int32_t srcLength) {
    uint32_t props, category;
    UChar32 c;

    while(srcIndex<srcLength) {
        UTF_NEXT_CHAR(src, srcIndex, srcLength, c);
        props=GET_PROPS_UNSAFE(c);
        category=GET_CATEGORY(props);
        if((1UL<<category)&(1UL<<U_LOWERCASE_LETTER|1UL<<U_UPPERCASE_LETTER|1UL<<U_TITLECASE_LETTER)) {
            return TRUE; /* followed by cased letter */
        }
        if(!isCaseIgnorable(c, category)) {
            return FALSE; /* not ignorable */
        }
    }

    return FALSE; /* not followed by cased letter */
}

/* Is preceded by {Ll, Lu, Lt} {case-ignorable}*  ? */
static UBool
isPrecededByCasedLetter(const UChar *src, UTextOffset srcIndex) {
    uint32_t props, category;
    UChar32 c;

    while(0<srcIndex) {
        UTF_PREV_CHAR(src, 0, srcIndex, c);
        props=GET_PROPS_UNSAFE(c);
        category=GET_CATEGORY(props);
        if((1UL<<category)&(1UL<<U_LOWERCASE_LETTER|1UL<<U_UPPERCASE_LETTER|1UL<<U_TITLECASE_LETTER)) {
            return TRUE; /* preceded by cased letter */
        }
        if(!isCaseIgnorable(c, category)) {
            return FALSE; /* not ignorable */
        }
    }

    return FALSE; /* not followed by cased letter */
}

/* Is preceded by base character { 'i', 'j', U+012f, U+1e2d, U+1ecb } with no intervening cc=230 ? */
static UBool
isAfter_i(const UChar *src, UTextOffset srcIndex) {
    UChar32 c;
    uint8_t cc;

    while(0<srcIndex) {
        UTF_PREV_CHAR(src, 0, srcIndex, c);
        if(c==0x69 || c==0x6a || c==0x12f || c==0x1e2d || c==0x1ecb) {
            return TRUE; /* preceded by TYPE_i */
        }

        cc=u_internalGetCombiningClass(c);
        if(cc==0 || cc==230) {
            return FALSE; /* preceded by different base character (not TYPE_i), or intervening cc==230 */
        }
    }

    return FALSE; /* not preceded by TYPE_i */
}

/* Is preceded by base character 'I' with no intervening cc=230 ? */
static UBool
isAfter_I(const UChar *src, UTextOffset srcIndex) {
    UChar32 c;
    uint8_t cc;

    while(0<srcIndex) {
        UTF_PREV_CHAR(src, 0, srcIndex, c);
        if(c==0x49) {
            return TRUE; /* preceded by I */
        }

        cc=u_internalGetCombiningClass(c);
        if(cc==0 || cc==230) {
            return FALSE; /* preceded by different base character (not I), or intervening cc==230 */
        }
    }

    return FALSE; /* not preceded by I */
}

/* Is followed by one or more cc==230 ? */
static UBool
isFollowedByMoreAbove(const UChar *src, UTextOffset srcIndex, int32_t srcLength) {
    UChar32 c;
    uint8_t cc;

    while(srcIndex<srcLength) {
        UTF_NEXT_CHAR(src, srcIndex, srcLength, c);
        cc=u_internalGetCombiningClass(c);
        if(cc==230) {
            return TRUE; /* at least one cc==230 following */
        }
        if(cc==0) {
            return FALSE; /* next base character, no more cc==230 following */
        }
    }

    return FALSE; /* no more cc==230 following */
}

/* Is followed by a dot above (without cc==230 in between) ? */
static UBool
isFollowedByDotAbove(const UChar *src, UTextOffset srcIndex, int32_t srcLength) {
    UChar32 c;
    uint8_t cc;

    while(srcIndex<srcLength) {
        UTF_NEXT_CHAR(src, srcIndex, srcLength, c);
        if(c==0x307) {
            return TRUE;
        }
        cc=u_internalGetCombiningClass(c);
        if(cc==0 || cc==230) {
            return FALSE; /* next base character or cc==230 in between */
        }
    }

    return FALSE; /* no dot above following */
}

U_CFUNC int32_t
u_internalStrToLower(UChar *dest, int32_t destCapacity,
                     const UChar *src, int32_t srcLength,
                     const char *locale,
                     UGrowBuffer *growBuffer, void *context,
                     UErrorCode *pErrorCode) {
    UChar buffer[8];
    uint32_t *pe;
    const UChar *u;
    uint32_t props, firstExceptionValue, specialCasing;
    int32_t srcIndex, destIndex, i, loc;
    UChar32 c;
    UBool canGrow;

    /* do not attempt to grow if there is no growBuffer function or if it has failed before */
    canGrow = (UBool)(growBuffer!=NULL);

    /* test early, once, if there is a data file */
    if(!HAVE_DATA) {
        /*
         * If we do not have real character properties data,
         * then we only do a fixed-length ASCII case mapping.
         */
        if(srcLength<=destCapacity ||
            /* attempt to grow the buffer */
            (canGrow && (canGrow=growBuffer(context, &dest, &destCapacity, srcLength, 0)) != 0)
        ) {
            destIndex=srcLength;
            *pErrorCode=U_USING_DEFAULT_ERROR;
        } else {
            destIndex=destCapacity;
            *pErrorCode=U_BUFFER_OVERFLOW_ERROR;
        }

        for(srcIndex=0; srcIndex<destIndex; ++srcIndex) {
            c=src[srcIndex];
            if((uint32_t)(c-0x41)<26) {
                dest[srcIndex]=(UChar)(c+0x20);
            } else {
                dest[srcIndex]=(UChar)c;
            }
        }

        return srcLength;
    }

    /* set up local variables */
    loc=getCaseLocale(locale);

    /* case mapping loop */
    srcIndex=destIndex=0;
    while(srcIndex<srcLength) {
        UTF_NEXT_CHAR(src, srcIndex, srcLength, c);
        props=GET_PROPS_UNSAFE(c);
        if(!PROPS_VALUE_IS_EXCEPTION(props)) {
            if((1UL<<GET_CATEGORY(props))&(1UL<<U_UPPERCASE_LETTER|1UL<<U_TITLECASE_LETTER)) {
                c+=GET_SIGNED_VALUE(props);
            }
        } else {
            pe=GET_EXCEPTIONS(props);
            firstExceptionValue=*pe;
            if(HAVE_EXCEPTION_VALUE(firstExceptionValue, EXC_SPECIAL_CASING)) {
                i=EXC_SPECIAL_CASING;
                ++pe;
                ADD_EXCEPTION_OFFSET(firstExceptionValue, i, pe);
                specialCasing=*pe;
                /* fill u and i with the case mapping result string */
                if(specialCasing&0x80000000) {
                    /* use hardcoded conditions and mappings */
                    u=buffer;
                    if( loc==LOC_LITHUANIAN &&
                            /* base characters, find accents above */
                            (((c==0x49 || c==0x4a || c==0x12e) &&
                                isFollowedByMoreAbove(src, srcIndex, srcLength)) ||
                            /* precomposed with accent above, no need to find one */
                            (c==0xcc || c==0xcd || c==0x128))
                    ) {
                        /* lithuanian: add a dot above if there are more accents above (to always have the dot) */
                        buffer[1]=0x307;
                        switch(c) {
                        case 0x49:  /* LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I */
                            buffer[0]=0x69;
                            i=2;
                            break;
                        case 0x4a:  /* LATIN CAPITAL LETTER J */
                            buffer[0]=0x6a;
                            i=2;
                            break;
                        case 0x12e: /* LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH OGONEK */
                            buffer[0]=0x12f;
                            i=2;
                            break;
                        case 0xcc:  /* LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH GRAVE */
                            buffer[0]=0x69;
                            buffer[2]=0x300;
                            i=3;
                            break;
                        case 0xcd:  /* LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH ACUTE */
                            buffer[0]=0x69;
                            buffer[2]=0x301;
                            i=3;
                            break;
                        case 0x128: /* LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH TILDE */
                            buffer[0]=0x69;
                            buffer[2]=0x303;
                            i=3;
                            break;
                        default:
                            i=0; /* will not occur */
                            break;
                        }
                    /*
                     * Note: This handling of I and of dot above differs from Unicode 3.1.1's SpecialCasing-5.txt
                     * because the AFTER_i condition there does not work for decomposed I+dot above.
                     * This fix is being proposed to the UTC.
                     */
                    } else if(loc==LOC_TURKISH && c==0x49 && !isFollowedByDotAbove(src, srcIndex, srcLength)) {
                        /* turkish: I maps to dotless i */
                        buffer[0]=0x131;
                        i=1;
                        /* other languages (or turkish with decomposed I+dot above): I maps to i */
                    } else if(c==0x307 && isAfter_I(src, srcIndex-1) && !isFollowedByMoreAbove(src, srcIndex, srcLength)) {
                        /* decomposed I+dot above becomes i (see handling of U+0049 for turkish) and removes the dot above */
                        continue; /* remove the dot (continue without output) */
                    } else if(  c==0x3a3 &&
                                !isFollowedByCasedLetter(src, srcIndex, srcLength) &&
                                isPrecededByCasedLetter(src, srcIndex-1)
                    ) {
                        /* greek capital sigma maps depending on surrounding cased letters (see SpecialCasing-5.txt) */
                        buffer[0]=0x3c2; /* greek small final sigma */
                        i=1;
                    } else {
                        /* no known conditional special case mapping, use a normal mapping */
                        pe=GET_EXCEPTIONS(props); /* restore the initial exception pointer */
                        firstExceptionValue=*pe;
                        goto notSpecial;
                    }
                } else {
                    /* get the special case mapping string from the data file */
                    u=ucharsTable+(specialCasing&0xffff);
                    i=(int32_t)(*u++)&0x1f;
                }

                /* output this case mapping result string */
                if( (destIndex+i)<=destCapacity ||
                    /* attempt to grow the buffer */
                    (canGrow && (canGrow=growBuffer(context, &dest, &destCapacity, destCapacity+2*(srcLength-srcIndex+i)+20, destIndex)) != 0)
                ) {
                    /* copy the case mapping to the destination */
                    while(i>0) {
                        dest[destIndex++]=*u++;
                        --i;
                    }
                } else {
                    /* buffer overflow */
                    /* copy as much as possible */
                    while(destIndex<destCapacity) {
                        dest[destIndex++]=*u++;
                        --i;
                    }
                    /* keep incrementing the destIndex for preflighting */
                    destIndex+=i;
                }

                /* do not fall through to the output of c */
                continue;
            }

notSpecial:
            if(HAVE_EXCEPTION_VALUE(firstExceptionValue, EXC_LOWERCASE)) {
                i=EXC_LOWERCASE;
                ++pe;
                ADD_EXCEPTION_OFFSET(firstExceptionValue, i, pe);
                c=(UChar32)*pe;
            }
        }

        /* handle 1:1 code point mappings from UnicodeData.txt */
        if(c<=0xffff) {
            if( destIndex<destCapacity ||
                /* attempt to grow the buffer */
                (canGrow && (canGrow=growBuffer(context, &dest, &destCapacity, destCapacity+2*(srcLength-srcIndex+1)+20, destIndex)) != 0)
            ) {
                dest[destIndex++]=(UChar)c;
            } else {
                /* buffer overflow */
                /* keep incrementing the destIndex for preflighting */
                ++destIndex;
            }
        } else {
            if( (destIndex+2)<=destCapacity ||
                /* attempt to grow the buffer */
                (canGrow && (canGrow=growBuffer(context, &dest, &destCapacity, destCapacity+2*(srcLength-srcIndex+2)+20, destIndex)) != 0)
            ) {
                dest[destIndex++]=(UChar)(0xd7c0+(c>>10));
                dest[destIndex++]=(UChar)(0xdc00|(c&0x3ff));
            } else {
                /* buffer overflow */
                /* write the first surrogate if possible */
                if(destIndex<destCapacity) {
                    dest[destIndex]=(UChar)(0xd7c0+(c>>10));
                }
                /* keep incrementing the destIndex for preflighting */
                destIndex+=2;
            }
        }
    }

    if(destIndex>destCapacity) {
        *pErrorCode=U_BUFFER_OVERFLOW_ERROR;
    }
    return destIndex;
}

U_CFUNC int32_t
u_internalStrToUpper(UChar *dest, int32_t destCapacity,
                     const UChar *src, int32_t srcLength,
                     const char *locale,
                     UGrowBuffer *growBuffer, void *context,
                     UErrorCode *pErrorCode) {
    UChar buffer[8];
    uint32_t *pe;
    const UChar *u;
    uint32_t props, firstExceptionValue, specialCasing;
    int32_t srcIndex, destIndex, i, loc;
    UChar32 c;
    UBool canGrow;

    /* do not attempt to grow if there is no growBuffer function or if it has failed before */
    canGrow = (UBool)(growBuffer!=NULL);

    /* test early, once, if there is a data file */
    if(!HAVE_DATA) {
        /*
         * If we do not have real character properties data,
         * then we only do a fixed-length ASCII case mapping.
         */
        if(srcLength<=destCapacity ||
            /* attempt to grow the buffer */
            (canGrow && (canGrow=growBuffer(context, &dest, &destCapacity, srcLength, 0)) != 0)
        ) {
            destIndex=srcLength;
            *pErrorCode=U_USING_DEFAULT_ERROR;
        } else {
            destIndex=destCapacity;
            *pErrorCode=U_BUFFER_OVERFLOW_ERROR;
        }

        for(srcIndex=0; srcIndex<destIndex; ++srcIndex) {
            c=src[srcIndex];
            if((uint32_t)(c-0x61)<26) {
                dest[srcIndex]=(UChar)(c-0x20);
            } else {
                dest[srcIndex]=(UChar)c;
            }
        }

        return srcLength;
    }

    /* set up local variables */
    loc=getCaseLocale(locale);

    /* case mapping loop */
    srcIndex=destIndex=0;
    while(srcIndex<srcLength) {
        UTF_NEXT_CHAR(src, srcIndex, srcLength, c);
        props=GET_PROPS_UNSAFE(c);
        if(!PROPS_VALUE_IS_EXCEPTION(props)) {
            if(GET_CATEGORY(props)==U_LOWERCASE_LETTER) {
                c-=GET_SIGNED_VALUE(props);
            }
        } else {
            pe=GET_EXCEPTIONS(props);
            firstExceptionValue=*pe;
            if(HAVE_EXCEPTION_VALUE(firstExceptionValue, EXC_SPECIAL_CASING)) {
                i=EXC_SPECIAL_CASING;
                ++pe;
                ADD_EXCEPTION_OFFSET(firstExceptionValue, i, pe);
                specialCasing=*pe;
                /* fill u and i with the case mapping result string */
                if(specialCasing&0x80000000) {
                    /* use hardcoded conditions and mappings */
                    u=buffer;
                    if(loc==LOC_TURKISH && c==0x69) {
                        /* turkish: i maps to dotted I */
                        buffer[0]=0x130;
                        i=1;
                    } else if(loc==LOC_LITHUANIAN && c==0x307 && isAfter_i(src, srcIndex-1)) {
                        /* lithuanian: remove DOT ABOVE after U+0069 "i" with upper or titlecase */
                        continue; /* remove the dot (continue without output) */
                    } else {
                        /* no known conditional special case mapping, use a normal mapping */
                        pe=GET_EXCEPTIONS(props); /* restore the initial exception pointer */
                        firstExceptionValue=*pe;
                        goto notSpecial;
                    }
                } else {
                    /* get the special case mapping string from the data file */
                    u=ucharsTable+(specialCasing&0xffff);
                    i=(int32_t)*u++;

                    /* skip the lowercase result string */
                    u+=i&0x1f;
                    i=(i>>5)&0x1f;
                }

                /* output this case mapping result string */
                if( (destIndex+i)<=destCapacity ||
                    /* attempt to grow the buffer */
                    (canGrow && (canGrow=growBuffer(context, &dest, &destCapacity, destCapacity+2*(srcLength-srcIndex+i)+20, destIndex)) != 0)
                ) {
                    /* copy the case mapping to the destination */
                    while(i>0) {
                        dest[destIndex++]=*u++;
                        --i;
                    }
                } else {
                    /* buffer overflow */
                    /* copy as much as possible */
                    while(destIndex<destCapacity) {
                        dest[destIndex++]=*u++;
                        --i;
                    }
                    /* keep incrementing the destIndex for preflighting */
                    destIndex+=i;
                }

                /* do not fall through to the output of c */
                continue;
            }

notSpecial:
            if(HAVE_EXCEPTION_VALUE(firstExceptionValue, EXC_UPPERCASE)) {
                i=EXC_UPPERCASE;
                ++pe;
                ADD_EXCEPTION_OFFSET(firstExceptionValue, i, pe);
                c=(UChar32)*pe;
            }
        }

        /* handle 1:1 code point mappings from UnicodeData.txt */
        if(c<=0xffff) {
            if( destIndex<destCapacity ||
                /* attempt to grow the buffer */
                (canGrow && (canGrow=growBuffer(context, &dest, &destCapacity, destCapacity+2*(srcLength-srcIndex+1)+20, destIndex)) != 0)
            ) {
                dest[destIndex++]=(UChar)c;
            } else {
                /* buffer overflow */
                /* keep incrementing the destIndex for preflighting */
                ++destIndex;
            }
        } else {
            if( (destIndex+2)<=destCapacity ||
                /* attempt to grow the buffer */
                (canGrow && (canGrow=growBuffer(context, &dest, &destCapacity, destCapacity+2*(srcLength-srcIndex+2)+20, destIndex)) != 0)
            ) {
                dest[destIndex++]=(UChar)(0xd7c0+(c>>10));
                dest[destIndex++]=(UChar)(0xdc00|(c&0x3ff));
            } else {
                /* buffer overflow */
                /* write the first surrogate if possible */
                if(destIndex<destCapacity) {
                    dest[destIndex]=(UChar)(0xd7c0+(c>>10));
                }
                /* keep incrementing the destIndex for preflighting */
                destIndex+=2;
            }
        }
    }

    if(destIndex>destCapacity) {
        *pErrorCode=U_BUFFER_OVERFLOW_ERROR;
    }
    return destIndex;
}

/* case folding ------------------------------------------------------------- */

/*
 * Case folding is similar to lowercasing.
 * The result may be a simple mapping, i.e., a single code point, or
 * a full mapping, i.e., a string.
 * If the case folding for a code point is the same as its simple (1:1) lowercase mapping,
 * then only the lowercase mapping is stored.
 */

/* return the simple case folding mapping for c */
U_CAPI UChar32 U_EXPORT2
u_foldCase(UChar32 c, uint32_t options) {
    uint32_t props=GET_PROPS(c);
    if(!PROPS_VALUE_IS_EXCEPTION(props)) {
        if((1UL<<GET_CATEGORY(props))&(1UL<<U_UPPERCASE_LETTER|1UL<<U_TITLECASE_LETTER)) {
            return c+GET_SIGNED_VALUE(props);
        }
    } else {
        uint32_t *pe=GET_EXCEPTIONS(props);
        uint32_t firstExceptionValue=*pe;
        if(HAVE_EXCEPTION_VALUE(firstExceptionValue, EXC_CASE_FOLDING)) {
            uint32_t *oldPE=pe;
            int i=EXC_CASE_FOLDING;
            ++pe;
            ADD_EXCEPTION_OFFSET(firstExceptionValue, i, pe);
            props=*pe;
            if(props!=0) {
                /* return the simple mapping, if there is one */
                const UChar *uchars=ucharsTable+(props&0xffff);
                UChar32 simple;
                i=0;
                UTF_NEXT_CHAR_UNSAFE(uchars, i, simple);
                if(simple!=0) {
                    return simple;
                }
                /* fall through to use the lowercase exception value if there is no simple mapping */
                pe=oldPE;
            } else {
                /* special case folding mappings, hardcoded */
                if(options==U_FOLD_CASE_DEFAULT && (uint32_t)(c-0x130)<=1) {
                    /* map dotted I and dotless i to U+0069 small i */
                    return 0x69;
                }
                /* return c itself because it is excluded from case folding */
                return c;
            }
        }
        /* not else! - allow to fall through from above */
        if(HAVE_EXCEPTION_VALUE(firstExceptionValue, EXC_LOWERCASE)) {
            int i=EXC_LOWERCASE;
            ++pe;
            ADD_EXCEPTION_OFFSET(firstExceptionValue, i, pe);
            return (UChar32)*pe;
        }
    }
    return c; /* no mapping - return c itself */
}

/* internal, return the full case folding mapping for c, must be used only if uprv_haveProperties() is true */
U_CFUNC int32_t
u_internalFoldCase(UChar32 c, UChar dest[32], uint32_t options) {
    uint32_t props=GET_PROPS_UNSAFE(c);
    int32_t i;

    if(!PROPS_VALUE_IS_EXCEPTION(props)) {
        if((1UL<<GET_CATEGORY(props))&(1UL<<U_UPPERCASE_LETTER|1UL<<U_TITLECASE_LETTER)) {
            c+=GET_SIGNED_VALUE(props);
        }
    } else {
        uint32_t *pe=GET_EXCEPTIONS(props);
        uint32_t firstExceptionValue=*pe;
        if(HAVE_EXCEPTION_VALUE(firstExceptionValue, EXC_CASE_FOLDING)) {
            i=EXC_CASE_FOLDING;
            ++pe;
            ADD_EXCEPTION_OFFSET(firstExceptionValue, i, pe);
            props=*pe;
            if(props!=0) {
                /* return the full mapping */
                const UChar *uchars=ucharsTable+(props&0xffff)+2;
                props>>=24;

                /* copy the result string */
                i=0;
                while(i<(int32_t)props) {
                    dest[i++]=*uchars++;
                }
                return i;
            } else {
                /* special case folding mappings, hardcoded */
                if(options==U_FOLD_CASE_DEFAULT && (uint32_t)(c-0x130)<=1) {
                    /* map dotted I and dotless i to U+0069 small i */
                    dest[0]=0x69;
                    return 1;
                }
                /* return c itself because it is excluded from case folding */
            }
        } else if(HAVE_EXCEPTION_VALUE(firstExceptionValue, EXC_LOWERCASE)) {
            i=EXC_LOWERCASE;
            ++pe;
            ADD_EXCEPTION_OFFSET(firstExceptionValue, i, pe);
            c=(UChar32)*pe;
        }
    }

    /* write c to dest */
    i=0;
    UTF_APPEND_CHAR_UNSAFE(dest, i, c);
    return i;
}

/* case-fold the source string using the full mappings */
U_CFUNC int32_t
u_internalStrFoldCase(UChar *dest, int32_t destCapacity,
                      const UChar *src, int32_t srcLength,
                      uint32_t options,
                      UGrowBuffer *growBuffer, void *context,
                      UErrorCode *pErrorCode) {
    UChar buffer[UTF_MAX_CHAR_LENGTH];
    uint32_t *pe;
    const UChar *uchars, *u;
    uint32_t props, firstExceptionValue;
    int32_t srcIndex, destIndex, i;
    UChar32 c;
    UBool canGrow;

    /* do not attempt to grow if there is no growBuffer function or if it has failed before */
    canGrow = (UBool)(growBuffer!=NULL);

    /* test early, once, if there is a data file */
    if(!HAVE_DATA) {
        /*
         * If we do not have real character properties data,
         * then we only do a fixed-length ASCII case mapping.
         */
        if(srcLength<=destCapacity ||
            /* attempt to grow the buffer */
            (canGrow && (canGrow=growBuffer(context, &dest, &destCapacity, srcLength, 0)) != 0)
        ) {
            destIndex=srcLength;
            *pErrorCode=U_USING_DEFAULT_ERROR;
        } else {
            destIndex=destCapacity;
            *pErrorCode=U_BUFFER_OVERFLOW_ERROR;
        }

        for(srcIndex=0; srcIndex<destIndex; ++srcIndex) {
            c=src[srcIndex];
            if((uint32_t)(c-0x41)<26) {
                dest[srcIndex]=(UChar)(c+0x20);
            } else {
                dest[srcIndex]=(UChar)c;
            }
        }

        return srcLength;
    }

    /* set up local variables */
    /* add 2 because we always need to skip the 2 UChars for the simple mappings */
    uchars=ucharsTable+2;

    /* case mapping loop */
    srcIndex=destIndex=0;
    while(srcIndex<srcLength) {
        UTF_NEXT_CHAR(src, srcIndex, srcLength, c);
        props=GET_PROPS_UNSAFE(c);
        if(!PROPS_VALUE_IS_EXCEPTION(props)) {
            if((1UL<<GET_CATEGORY(props))&(1UL<<U_UPPERCASE_LETTER|1UL<<U_TITLECASE_LETTER)) {
                c+=GET_SIGNED_VALUE(props);
            }
        } else {
            pe=GET_EXCEPTIONS(props);
            firstExceptionValue=*pe;
            if(HAVE_EXCEPTION_VALUE(firstExceptionValue, EXC_CASE_FOLDING)) {
                i=EXC_CASE_FOLDING;
                ++pe;
                ADD_EXCEPTION_OFFSET(firstExceptionValue, i, pe);
                props=*pe;
                /* fill u and i with the case mapping result string */
                if(props!=0) {
                    /* get the case folding string from the data file */
                    u=uchars+(props&0xffff);
                    i=(int32_t)(props>>24);
                } else {
                    /* special case folding mappings, hardcoded */
                    u=buffer;
                    if(options==U_FOLD_CASE_DEFAULT && (uint32_t)(c-0x130)<=1) {
                        /* map dotted I and dotless i to U+0069 small i */
                        buffer[0]=0x69;
                        i=1;
                    } else {
                        /* output c itself because it is excluded from case folding */
                        i=0;
                        UTF_APPEND_CHAR_UNSAFE(buffer, i, c);
                    }
                }

                /* output this case mapping result string */
                if( (destIndex+i)<=destCapacity ||
                    /* attempt to grow the buffer */
                    (canGrow && (canGrow=growBuffer(context, &dest, &destCapacity, destCapacity+2*(srcLength-srcIndex+i)+20, destIndex)) != 0)
                ) {
                    /* copy the case mapping to the destination */
                    while(i>0) {
                        dest[destIndex++]=*u++;
                        --i;
                    }
                } else {
                    /* buffer overflow */
                    /* copy as much as possible */
                    while(destIndex<destCapacity) {
                        dest[destIndex++]=*u++;
                        --i;
                    }
                    /* keep incrementing the destIndex for preflighting */
                    destIndex+=i;
                }

                /* do not fall through to the output of c */
                continue;
            } else if(HAVE_EXCEPTION_VALUE(firstExceptionValue, EXC_LOWERCASE)) {
                i=EXC_LOWERCASE;
                ++pe;
                ADD_EXCEPTION_OFFSET(firstExceptionValue, i, pe);
                c=(UChar32)*pe;
            }
        }

        /* handle 1:1 code point mappings from UnicodeData.txt */
        if(c<=0xffff) {
            if( destIndex<destCapacity ||
                /* attempt to grow the buffer */
                (canGrow && (canGrow=growBuffer(context, &dest, &destCapacity, destCapacity+2*(srcLength-srcIndex+1)+20, destIndex)) != 0)
            ) {
                dest[destIndex++]=(UChar)c;
            } else {
                /* buffer overflow */
                /* keep incrementing the destIndex for preflighting */
                ++destIndex;
            }
        } else {
            if( (destIndex+2)<=destCapacity ||
                /* attempt to grow the buffer */
                (canGrow && (canGrow=growBuffer(context, &dest, &destCapacity, destCapacity+2*(srcLength-srcIndex+2)+20, destIndex)) != 0)
            ) {
                dest[destIndex++]=(UChar)(0xd7c0+(c>>10));
                dest[destIndex++]=(UChar)(0xdc00|(c&0x3ff));
            } else {
                /* buffer overflow */
                /* write the first surrogate if possible */
                if(destIndex<destCapacity) {
                    dest[destIndex]=(UChar)(0xd7c0+(c>>10));
                }
                /* keep incrementing the destIndex for preflighting */
                destIndex+=2;
            }
        }
    }

    if(destIndex>destCapacity) {
        *pErrorCode=U_BUFFER_OVERFLOW_ERROR;
    }
    return destIndex;
}