Text processing requires that a program treat text appropriately. If text is exchanged between several systems, it is important for them to process the text consistently. This is done by assigning each character, or a range of characters, attributes or properties used for text processing, and by defining standard algorithms for at least the basic text operations.
Traditionally, such attributes and algorithms have not been well-defined for most character sets, and text processing had to rely on ad-hoc solutions. Over time, standards were created for querying properties of the system codepage. However, the set of these properties was limited. Their data was not coordinated among implementations, and standard algorithms were not available.
It is one of the strengths of Unicode that it not only defines a very large character set, but also assigns a comprehensive set of properties and usage notes to all characters. It defines standard algorithms for critical text processing, and the data is publicly provided and kept up-to-date. See https://www.unicode.org/ and https://www.unicode.org/main.html for more information.
Sample code is available in the ICU source code library at icu4c/source/samples/props/props.cpp. See also the source code for the Unicode browser demo application, which can be used online to browse Unicode characters with their properties.
The following table shows all Unicode Character Database properties (except for purely “extracted” ones and Unihan properties) and the corresponding ICU APIs. Most of the time, ICU4C provides functions in icu4c/source/common/unicode/uchar.h and ICU4J provides parallel functions in the com.ibm.icu.lang.UCharacter class. Properties of a single Unicode character are accessed by its 21-bit code point value (type: UChar32=int32_t in C/C++, int in Java).
Surrogate code points mostly have default property values, except for the General_Category (gc=Cs).
For integer values outside the Unicode code point range (negative or ≥ 0x110000), most API functions return null values (false, 0, etc.). API functions that map a code point to another (e.g., u_foldCase()/UCharacter.foldCase()) normally return out-of-range values (i.e., map them to themselves), just like for unassigned code points or generally code points that have no specific mappings. In particular, -1 (=U_SENTINEL in ICU4C) is mapped to -1.
Most properties are also available via UnicodeSet APIs and patterns. See the Lookup section below.
See UAX #44, Unicode Character Database itself for comparison. The UCD files PropertyAliases.txt and PropertyValueAliases.txt list all properties and their values by name and type.
UAX #44 also shows which UCD files have data for which properties, and many other useful details.
Most properties that use binary, integer, or enumerated values are available via functions u_hasBinaryProperty and u_getIntPropertyValue which take UProperty enum constants to select the property. (ICU4J UCharacter member functions do not have the “u_” prefix.) The constant names include the long property name according to PropertyAliases.txt, e.g., UCHAR_LINE_BREAK. Corresponding property value enum constant names often contain the short property name and the long value name, e.g., U_LB_LINE_FEED. For enumeration/integer type properties, the enumeration result type is also listed here.
Some UnicodeSet APIs use the same UProperty constants. Other UnicodeSet APIs and UnicodeSet and regular expression patterns use the long or short property aliases and property value aliases (see PropertyAliases.txt and PropertyValueAliases.txt).
There is one pseudo-property, UCHAR_GENERAL_CATEGORY_MASK for which the APIs do not use a single value but a bit-set (a mask) of zero or more values, with each bit corresponding to one UCHAR_GENERAL_CATEGORY value. This allows ICU to represent property value aliases for multiple general categories, like “Letters” (which stands for “Uppercase Letters”, “Lowercase Letters”, etc.). In other words, there are two ICU properties for the same Unicode property, one delivering single values (for per-code point lookup) and the other delivering sets of values (for use with value aliases and UnicodeSet).
| UCD Name | Type | ICU4C uchar.h / ICU4J UCharacter | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age | Unicode version | (U) | C: u_charAge fills in UVersionInfo Java: getAge returns a VersionInfo reference |
| Alphabetic | binary | (U) | u_isUAlphabetic, UCHAR_ALPHABETIC |
| ASCII_Hex_Digit | binary | (U) | UCHAR_ASCII_HEX_DIGIT |
| Basic_Emoji* | binary | (U) | UCHAR_BASIC_EMOJI |
| Bidi_Class | enum | (U) | u_charDirection, UCHAR_BIDI_CLASS returns enum UCharDirection |
| Bidi_Control | binary | (U) | UCHAR_BIDI_CONTROL |
| Bidi_Mirrored | binary | (U) | u_isMirrored, UCHAR_BIDI_MIRRORED |
| Bidi_Mirroring_Glyph | code point | u_charMirror | |
| Bidi_Paired_Bracket_Type | enum | (U) | UCHAR_BIDI_PAIRED_BRACKET_TYPE returns enum UBidiPairedBracketType |
| Block | enum | (U) | ublock_getCode, UCHAR_BLOCK returns enum UBlockCode |
| Canonical_Combining_Class | 0..255 | (U) | u_getCombiningClass, UCHAR_CANONICAL_COMBINING_CLASS |
| Case_Folding | Unicode string | u_strFoldCase (ustring.h) | |
| Case_Ignorable | binary | (U) | UCHAR_CASE_IGNORABLE |
| Cased | binary | (U) | UCHAR_CASED |
| Changes_When_Casefolded | binary | (U) | UCHAR_CHANGES_WHEN_CASEFOLDED |
| Changes_When_Casemapped | binary | (U) | UCHAR_CHANGES_WHEN_CASEMAPPED |
| Changes_When_NFKC_Casefolded | binary | (U) | UCHAR_CHANGES_WHEN_NFKC_CASEFOLDED |
| Changes_When_Lowercased | binary | (U) | UCHAR_CHANGES_WHEN_LOWERCASED |
| Changes_When_Titlecased | binary | (U) | UCHAR_CHANGES_WHEN_TITLECASED |
| Changes_When_Uppercased | binary | (U) | UCHAR_CHANGES_WHEN_UPPERCASED |
| Composition_Exclusion | binary | (c) | contributes to Full_Composition_Exclusion |
| Dash | binary | (U) | UCHAR_DASH |
| Decomposition_Mapping | Unicode string | NFKC Normalizer2::getRawDecomposition() | |
| Decomposition_Type | enum | (U) | UCHAR_DECOMPOSITION_TYPE returns enum UDecompositionType |
| Default_Ignorable_Code_Point | binary | (U) | UCHAR_DEFAULT_IGNORABLE_CODE_POINT |
| Deprecated | binary | (U) | UCHAR_DEPRECATED |
| Diacritic | binary | (U) | UCHAR_DIACRITIC |
| East_Asian_Width | enum | (U) | UCHAR_EAST_ASIAN_WIDTH returns enum UEastAsianWidth |
| Emoji | binary | (U) | UCHAR_EMOJI |
| Emoji_Component | binary | (U) | UCHAR_EMOJI_COMPONENT |
| Emoji_Keycap_Sequence* | binary | (U) | UCHAR_EMOJI_KEYCAP_SEQUENCE |
| Emoji_Modifier | binary | (U) | UCHAR_EMOJI_MODIFIER |
| Emoji_Modifier_Base | binary | (U) | UCHAR_EMOJI_MODIFIER_BASE |
| Emoji_Presentation | binary | (U) | UCHAR_EMOJI_PRESENTATION |
| Expands_On_NF* | binary | available via normalization API (normalizer2.h) | |
| Extended_Pictographic | binary | (U) | UCHAR_EXTENDED_PICTOGRAPHIC |
| Extender | binary | (U) | UCHAR_EXTENDER |
| FC_NFKC_Closure | Unicode string | u_getFC_NFKC_Closure | |
| Full_Composition_Exclusion | binary | (U) | UCHAR_FULL_COMPOSITION_EXCLUSION |
| General_Category | enum | (U) | u_charType, UCHAR_GENERAL_CATEGORY, UCHAR_GENERAL_CATEGORY_MASK returns enum UCharCategory |
| Grapheme_Base | binary | (U) | UCHAR_GRAPHEME_BASE |
| Grapheme_Cluster_Break | enum | (U) | UCHAR_GRAPHEME_CLUSTER_BREAK returns enum UGraphemeClusterBreak |
| Grapheme_Extend | binary | (U) | UCHAR_GRAPHEME_EXTEND |
| Grapheme_Link | binary | (U) | UCHAR_GRAPHEME_LINK |
| Hangul_Syllable_Type | enum | (U) | UCHAR_HANGUL_SYLLABLE_TYPE returns enum UHangulSyllableType |
| Hex_Digit | binary | (U) | UCHAR_HEX_DIGIT |
| Hyphen | binary | (U) | UCHAR_HYPHEN |
| ID_Continue | binary | (U) | UCHAR_ID_CONTINUE |
| ID_Start | binary | (U) | UCHAR_ID_START |
| Ideographic | binary | (U) | UCHAR_IDEOGRAPHIC |
| IDS_Binary_Operator | binary | (U) | UCHAR_IDS_BINARY_OPERATOR |
| IDS_Triary_Operator | binary | (U) | UCHAR_IDS_TRINARY_OPERATOR |
| Indic_Positional_Category | enum | (U) | UCHAR_INDIC_POSITIONAL_CATEGORY returns enum UIndicPositionalCategory |
| Indic_Syllabic_Category | enum | (U) | UCHAR_INDIC_SYLLABIC_CATEGORY returns enum UIndicSyllabicCategory |
| ISO_Comment | ASCII string | u_getISOComment | |
| Jamo_Short_Name | ASCII string | (c) | contributes to Name |
| Join_Control | binary | (U) | UCHAR_JOIN_CONTROL |
| Joining_Group | enum | (U) | UCHAR_JOINING_GROUP returns enum UJoiningGroup |
| Joining_Type | enum | (U) | UCHAR_JOINING_TYPE returns enum UJoiningType |
| Line_Break | enum | (U) | UCHAR_LINE_BREAK returns enum ULineBreak |
| Logical_Order_Exception | binary | (U) | UCHAR_LOGICAL_ORDER_EXCEPTION |
| Lowercase | binary | (U) | u_isULowercase, UCHAR_LOWERCASE |
| Lowercase_Mapping | Unicode string | available via u_strToLower (ustring.h) | |
| Math | binary | (U) | UCHAR_MATH |
| Name | ASCII string | (U) | u_charName(U_UNICODE_CHAR_NAME or U_EXTENDED_CHAR_NAME) |
| Name_Alias | ASCII string | u_charName(U_CHAR_NAME_ALIAS) | |
| NF*_QuickCheck | enum | (U) | UCHAR_NF*_QUICK_CHECK and available via quickCheck (normalizer2.h) returns UNormalizationCheckResult (no/maybe/yes) |
| NFKC_Casefold | Unicode string | available via normalization API (normalizer2.h “nfkc_cf”) | |
| Noncharacter_Code_Point | binary | (U) | UCHAR_NONCHARACTER_CODE_POINT, U_IS_UNICODE_NONCHAR (utf.h) |
| Numeric_Type | enum | (U) | UCHAR_NUMERIC_TYPE returns enum UNumericType |
| Numeric_Value | double | (U) | u_getNumericValueJava/UnicodeSet: only non-negative integers, no fractions |
| Other_Alphabetic | binary | (c) | contributes to Alphabetic |
| Other_Default_Ignorable_Code_Point | binary | (c) | contributes to Default_Ignorable_Code_Point |
| Other_Grapheme_Extend | binary | (c) | contributes to Grapheme_Extend |
| Other_Lowercase | binary | (c) | contributes to Lowercase |
| Other_Math | binary | (c) | contributes to Math |
| Other_Uppercase | binary | (c) | contributes to Uppercase |
| Pattern_Syntax | binary | (U) | UCHAR_PATTERN_SYNTAX |
| Pattern_White_Space | binary | (U) | UCHAR_PATTERN_WHITE_SPACE |
| Prepended_Concatenation_Mark | binary | (U) | UCHAR_PREPENDED_CONCATENATION_MARK |
| Quotation_Mark | binary | (U) | UCHAR_QUOTATION_MARK |
| Radical | binary | (U) | UCHAR_RADICAL |
| Regional_Indicator | binary | (U) | UCHAR_REGIONAL_INDICATOR |
| RGI_Emoji* | binary | (U) | UCHAR_RGI_EMOJI |
| RGI_Emoji_Flag_Sequence* | binary | (U) | UCHAR_RGI_EMOJI_FLAG_SEQUENCE |
| RGI_Emoji_Modifier_Sequence* | binary | (U) | UCHAR_RGI_EMOJI_MODIFIER_SEQUENCE |
| RGI_Emoji_Tag_Sequence* | binary | (U) | UCHAR_RGI_EMOJI_TAG_SEQUENCE |
| RGI_Emoji_ZWJ_Sequence* | binary | (U) | UCHAR_RGI_EMOJI_ZWJ_SEQUENCE |
| Script | enum | (U) | uscript_getCode (uscript.h), UCHAR_SCRIPT returns enum UScriptCode |
| Script_Extensions | list | (U) | uscript_getScriptExtensions & uscript_hasScript (uscript.h), UCHAR_SCRIPT_EXTENSIONS returns a list of enum UScriptCode values |
| Sentence_Break | enum | (U) | UCHAR_SENTENCE_BREAK returns enum USentenceBreak |
| Simple_Case_Folding | code point | u_foldCase | |
| Simple_Lowercase_ Mapping | code point | u_tolower | |
| Simple_Titlecase_ Mapping | code point | u_totitle | |
| Simple_Uppercase_ Mapping | code point | u_toupper | |
| Soft_Dotted | binary | (U) | UCHAR_SOFT_DOTTED |
| STerm | binary | (U) | UCHAR_S_TERM |
| Terminal_Punctuation | binary | (U) | UCHAR_TERMINAL_PUNCTUATION |
| Titlecase_Mapping | Unicode string | u_strToTitle (ustring.h) | |
| Unicode_1_Name | ASCII string | (U) | u_charName(U_UNICODE_10_CHAR_NAME or U_EXTENDED_CHAR_NAME) |
| Unified_Ideograph | binary | (U) | UCHAR_UNIFIED_IDEOGRAPH |
| Uppercase | binary | (U) | u_isUUppercase, UCHAR_UPPERCASE |
| Uppercase_Mapping | Unicode string | u_strToUpper (ustring.h) | |
| Vertical_Orientation | enum | (U) | UCHAR_VERTICAL_ORIENTATION returns enum UVerticalOrientation |
| White_Space | binary | (U) | u_isUWhiteSpace, UCHAR_WHITE_SPACE |
| Word_Break | enum | (U) | UCHAR_WORD_BREAK returns enum UWordBreakValues |
| XID_Continue | binary | (U) | UCHAR_XID_CONTINUE |
| XID_Start | binary | (U) | UCHAR_XID_START |
Notes:
(c) - This property only contributes to “real” properties (mostly “Other_...” properties), so there is no direct support for this property in ICU.
(U) - This property is available via the UnicodeSet APIs and patterns. Any property available in UnicodeSet is also available in regular expressions. Properties which are not available in UnicodeSet are generally those that are not available through a UProperty selector.
When a property name is followed by a star (*), it is a property of strings; for example, Basic_Emoji and RGI_Emoji. See https://www.unicode.org/reports/tr51/#Emoji_Sets Properties of strings are not yet supported in ICU regular expressions.
UnicodeSet [:scx=Arab:] is a superset of [:sc=Arab:]; see https://www.unicode.org/reports/tr18/#Script_Property
Full case mapping properties (e.g., Lowercase_Mapping) are complex. The string case mapping functions that implement them handle language-specific and/or context-sensitive mappings. The output may have more code points or fewer code points than the input.
ICU does not provide the means to modify properties at runtime. The properties are provided exactly as specified by a recent version of the Unicode Standard (as published in the Character Database).
For custom sets and maps, it is easiest to make UnicodeSet or UCPTrie/CodePointTrie objects with the desired values.
However, if an application requires custom properties (for example, for Private Use characters), then it is possible to change or add them at build-time. This is doable but not easy.
It is done by modifying the Character Database files copied into the ICU source tree at icu4c/source/data/unidata. Since ICU 49, most of the properties have been combined into one file, unidata/ppucd.txt (see the Preparsed UCD design doc). Some of the remaining UCD files are still inputs, others are only used for unit tests.
To add a character to such a file, a line must be inserted into the file with the format used in that file (see the online documentation on the Unicode site for more information). After modifying one or more of these files, the ICU data needs to be rebuilt, and the resulting files need to be checked into the ICU source tree. The files are processed by special ICU tools outside of the normal ICU build. The unidata/changes.txt file documents the process that has been used for the last several Unicode version updates; skip the file preparation and API update steps.
Any available Unicode code point (0 to 10FFFF16) can be used. Code point values should be written with either 4, 5, or 6 hex digits. The minimum number of digits possible should be used (but no fewer than 4). Note that the Unicode Standard specifies that the 32 code points U+FDD0..U+FDEF and the 34 code points U+...xFFFE and U+...xFFFF (where x=0, 1, 2, ..., F, 10) are not characters, therefore they should not be added to any of the character database files.
For lookup by code point, iterate through the string, fetch code points, and either call the unicode/uchar.h / UCharacter or similar functions, or use dedicated sets and maps. For binary properties, and sets in general, there are also more efficient methods for iterating over substrings.
Call one of the binary-property functions. Alternatively, make a UnicodeSet for the property (remember to freeze() it) or for a custom set of characters, and call contains().
It is often useful to partition a string into substrings where every character has the property, and substrings where every character does not have the property. For example, to split the string at separator characters, remove certain types of characters, trim white space, etc. Use a UnicodeSet with its span() and spanBack() methods (available in C++ in UTF-8 versions). In Java, you can also use a UnicodeSetSpanner.
Call one of the int-property functions. Alternatively, build a UCPTrie / CodePointTrie (new in ICU 63) via its mutable version and build method, then use that to get the int value for each code point.
Easiest is to iterate over code points of the string and call per-code point lookup methods (or use a code point trie).
The UCPTrie / CodePointTrie (new in ICU 63) also offers C macros and a Java String iterator class where the iteration and data lookup are integrated to avoid redundancies in validation and range checks.
The UTF-16 code point macros and the Java String iterator also provide the code point as output, because it has to be fetched or assembled anyway.
The UTF-8 macros do not assemble the code point because that would be some amount of extra work, but often only the lookup value is used and the code point is not needed. When it is needed after all, it is possible to take advantage of the macros having validated the byte sequence: If the sequence was ill-formed, then the trie's error value is set. Therefore, if a value other than the trie error value was returned, then the sequence was well-formed, and the code point can be fetched without revalidating the sequence (e.g., via U8_NEXT_UNSAFE()). Since the length of the sequence (1..4 bytes) is also known from the iteration (string index before/after next() call), an even simpler piece of code can be used. (See for example the ICU-internal function codePointFromValidUTF8() in normalizer2impl.cpp.)
UTF-16 text processing can be further optimized by detecting surrogate pairs and assembling supplementary code points only when there is non-trivial data available.
At build time, iterate over all supplementary code points (umutablecptrie_getRange() / MutableCodePointTrie.getRange() starting from U+10000) to see if there is non-trivial data for any of the supplementary code points associated with a lead surrogate. If so, then set a special (application-specific) value for the lead surrogate.
At runtime, use UCPTRIE_FAST_BMP_GET() per code unit. If there is non-trivial data and the code unit is a lead surrogate, then check if a trail surrogate follows. If so, assemble the supplementary code point with U16_GET_SUPPLEMENTARY() and look up its value with UCPTRIE_FAST_SUPP_GET(); otherwise deal with the unpaired surrogate in some way. (Java CodePointTrie.Fast and java.lang.Character have equivalent methods.)
If there is only trivial data for lead and trail surrogates, then processing can often skip them. (In this case, there will be two data lookups, one for the lead surrogate and one for the trail surrogate, but they are fast, and this optimization speeds up the more common BMP characters by not checking for surrogates each time.)
For example, in normalization or case mapping all characters that do not have any mappings are simply copied as is.
ICU rule syntaxes should use the Unicode Pattern_White_Space set as syntactic “spaces” to allow for the usage of white space characters outside of the normal ASCII range while still maintaining backward compatibility. See https://www.unicode.org/reports/tr31/#Pattern_Syntax for more information.