src/gpu/d3d12/SDL_gpu_d3d12.c - external/github.com/libsdl-org/SDL - Git at Google

 /*
   Simple DirectMedia Layer
   Copyright (C) 1997-2024 Sam Lantinga <slouken@libsdl.org>

   This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
   warranty.  In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
   arising from the use of this software.

   Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,
   including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it
   freely, subject to the following restrictions:

   1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not
      claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software
      in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be
      appreciated but is not required.
   2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be
      misrepresented as being the original software.
   3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution.
 */

 #include "SDL_internal.h"

 #if SDL_GPU_D3D12

 #include "../../video/directx/SDL_d3d12.h"
 #include "../SDL_sysgpu.h"
 #include "SDL_hashtable.h"

 // Built-in shaders, compiled with compile_shaders.bat

 #define g_FullscreenVert  D3D12_FullscreenVert
 #define g_BlitFrom2D      D3D12_BlitFrom2D
 #define g_BlitFrom2DArray D3D12_BlitFrom2DArray
 #define g_BlitFrom3D      D3D12_BlitFrom3D
 #define g_BlitFromCube    D3D12_BlitFromCube
 #if defined(SDL_PLATFORM_XBOXSERIES)
 #include "D3D12_Blit_Series.h"
 #elif defined(SDL_PLATFORM_XBOXONE)
 #include "D3D12_Blit_One.h"
 #else
 #include "D3D12_Blit.h"
 #endif
 #undef g_FullscreenVert
 #undef g_BlitFrom2D
 #undef g_BlitFrom2DArray
 #undef g_BlitFrom3D
 #undef g_BlitFromCube

 // Macros

 #define ERROR_CHECK(msg)                                     \
     if (FAILED(res)) {                                       \
         D3D12_INTERNAL_LogError(renderer->device, msg, res); \
     }

 #define ERROR_CHECK_RETURN(msg, ret)                         \
     if (FAILED(res)) {                                       \
         D3D12_INTERNAL_LogError(renderer->device, msg, res); \
         return ret;                                          \
     }

 // Defines
 #if defined(_WIN32)
 #if defined(SDL_PLATFORM_XBOXSERIES)
 #define D3D12_DLL "d3d12_xs.dll"
 #elif defined(SDL_PLATFORM_XBOXONE)
 #define D3D12_DLL "d3d12_x.dll"
 #else
 #define D3D12_DLL "d3d12.dll"
 #endif
 #define DXGI_DLL      "dxgi.dll"
 #define DXGIDEBUG_DLL "dxgidebug.dll"
 #elif defined(__APPLE__)
 #define D3D12_DLL     "libdxvk_d3d12.dylib"
 #define DXGI_DLL      "libdxvk_dxgi.dylib"
 #define DXGIDEBUG_DLL "libdxvk_dxgidebug.dylib"
 #else
 #define D3D12_DLL     "libdxvk_d3d12.so"
 #define DXGI_DLL      "libdxvk_dxgi.so"
 #define DXGIDEBUG_DLL "libdxvk_dxgidebug.so"
 #endif

 #define D3D12_CREATE_DEVICE_FUNC            "D3D12CreateDevice"
 #define D3D12_SERIALIZE_ROOT_SIGNATURE_FUNC "D3D12SerializeRootSignature"
 #define CREATE_DXGI_FACTORY1_FUNC           "CreateDXGIFactory1"
 #define DXGI_GET_DEBUG_INTERFACE_FUNC       "DXGIGetDebugInterface"
 #define D3D12_GET_DEBUG_INTERFACE_FUNC      "D3D12GetDebugInterface"
 #define WINDOW_PROPERTY_DATA                "SDL_GPUD3D12WindowPropertyData"
 #define D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_CHOICE            D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_11_1
 #define D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_CHOICE_STR        "11_1"
 // FIXME: just use sysgpu.h defines
 #define MAX_ROOT_SIGNATURE_PARAMETERS         64
 #define VIEW_GPU_DESCRIPTOR_COUNT             65536
 #define SAMPLER_GPU_DESCRIPTOR_COUNT          2048
 #define VIEW_SAMPLER_STAGING_DESCRIPTOR_COUNT 1000000
 #define TARGET_STAGING_DESCRIPTOR_COUNT       1000000
 #define D3D12_FENCE_UNSIGNALED_VALUE          0
 #define D3D12_FENCE_SIGNAL_VALUE              1

 #define SDL_GPU_SHADERSTAGE_COMPUTE (SDL_GPUShaderStage)2

 #define EXPAND_ELEMENTS_IF_NEEDED(arr, initialValue, type) \
     if (arr->count == arr->capacity) {                     \
         if (arr->capacity == 0) {                          \
             arr->capacity = initialValue;                  \
         } else {                                           \
             arr->capacity *= 2;                            \
         }                                                  \
         arr->elements = (type *)SDL_realloc(               \
             arr->elements,                                 \
             arr->capacity * sizeof(type));                 \
     }

 #ifdef _WIN32
 #define HRESULT_FMT "(0x%08lX)"
 #else
 #define HRESULT_FMT "(0x%08X)"
 #endif

 // Function Pointer Signatures
 typedef HRESULT(WINAPI *PFN_CREATE_DXGI_FACTORY1)(const GUID *riid, void **ppFactory);
 typedef HRESULT(WINAPI *PFN_DXGI_GET_DEBUG_INTERFACE)(const GUID *riid, void **ppDebug);

 // IIDs (from https://www.magnumdb.com/)
 static const IID D3D_IID_IDXGIFactory1 = { 0x770aae78, 0xf26f, 0x4dba, { 0xa8, 0x29, 0x25, 0x3c, 0x83, 0xd1, 0xb3, 0x87 } };
 static const IID D3D_IID_IDXGIFactory4 = { 0x1bc6ea02, 0xef36, 0x464f, { 0xbf, 0x0c, 0x21, 0xca, 0x39, 0xe5, 0x16, 0x8a } };
 static const IID D3D_IID_IDXGIFactory5 = { 0x7632e1f5, 0xee65, 0x4dca, { 0x87, 0xfd, 0x84, 0xcd, 0x75, 0xf8, 0x83, 0x8d } };
 static const IID D3D_IID_IDXGIFactory6 = { 0xc1b6694f, 0xff09, 0x44a9, { 0xb0, 0x3c, 0x77, 0x90, 0x0a, 0x0a, 0x1d, 0x17 } };
 static const IID D3D_IID_IDXGIAdapter1 = { 0x29038f61, 0x3839, 0x4626, { 0x91, 0xfd, 0x08, 0x68, 0x79, 0x01, 0x1a, 0x05 } };
 #if (defined(SDL_PLATFORM_XBOXONE) || defined(SDL_PLATFORM_XBOXSERIES))
 static const IID D3D_IID_IDXGIDevice1 = { 0x77db970f, 0x6276, 0x48ba, { 0xba, 0x28, 0x07, 0x01, 0x43, 0xb4, 0x39, 0x2c } };
 #endif
 static const IID D3D_IID_IDXGISwapChain3 = { 0x94d99bdb, 0xf1f8, 0x4ab0, { 0xb2, 0x36, 0x7d, 0xa0, 0x17, 0x0e, 0xda, 0xb1 } };
 static const IID D3D_IID_IDXGIDebug = { 0x119e7452, 0xde9e, 0x40fe, { 0x88, 0x06, 0x88, 0xf9, 0x0c, 0x12, 0xb4, 0x41 } };
 static const IID D3D_IID_IDXGIInfoQueue = { 0xd67441c7, 0x672a, 0x476f, { 0x9e, 0x82, 0xcd, 0x55, 0xb4, 0x49, 0x49, 0xce } };
 static const GUID D3D_IID_DXGI_DEBUG_ALL = { 0xe48ae283, 0xda80, 0x490b, { 0x87, 0xe6, 0x43, 0xe9, 0xa9, 0xcf, 0xda, 0x08 } };
 static const GUID D3D_IID_D3DDebugObjectName = { 0x429b8c22, 0x9188, 0x4b0c, { 0x87, 0x42, 0xac, 0xb0, 0xbf, 0x85, 0xc2, 0x00 } };

 static const IID D3D_IID_ID3D12Device = { 0x189819f1, 0x1db6, 0x4b57, { 0xbe, 0x54, 0x18, 0x21, 0x33, 0x9b, 0x85, 0xf7 } };
 static const IID D3D_IID_ID3D12CommandQueue = { 0x0ec870a6, 0x5d7e, 0x4c22, { 0x8c, 0xfc, 0x5b, 0xaa, 0xe0, 0x76, 0x16, 0xed } };
 static const IID D3D_IID_ID3D12DescriptorHeap = { 0x8efb471d, 0x616c, 0x4f49, { 0x90, 0xf7, 0x12, 0x7b, 0xb7, 0x63, 0xfa, 0x51 } };
 static const IID D3D_IID_ID3D12Resource = { 0x696442be, 0xa72e, 0x4059, { 0xbc, 0x79, 0x5b, 0x5c, 0x98, 0x04, 0x0f, 0xad } };
 static const IID D3D_IID_ID3D12CommandAllocator = { 0x6102dee4, 0xaf59, 0x4b09, { 0xb9, 0x99, 0xb4, 0x4d, 0x73, 0xf0, 0x9b, 0x24 } };
 static const IID D3D_IID_ID3D12CommandList = { 0x7116d91c, 0xe7e4, 0x47ce, { 0xb8, 0xc6, 0xec, 0x81, 0x68, 0xf4, 0x37, 0xe5 } };
 static const IID D3D_IID_ID3D12GraphicsCommandList = { 0x5b160d0f, 0xac1b, 0x4185, { 0x8b, 0xa8, 0xb3, 0xae, 0x42, 0xa5, 0xa4, 0x55 } };
 static const IID D3D_IID_ID3D12Fence = { 0x0a753dcf, 0xc4d8, 0x4b91, { 0xad, 0xf6, 0xbe, 0x5a, 0x60, 0xd9, 0x5a, 0x76 } };
 static const IID D3D_IID_ID3D12RootSignature = { 0xc54a6b66, 0x72df, 0x4ee8, { 0x8b, 0xe5, 0xa9, 0x46, 0xa1, 0x42, 0x92, 0x14 } };
 static const IID D3D_IID_ID3D12CommandSignature = { 0xc36a797c, 0xec80, 0x4f0a, { 0x89, 0x85, 0xa7, 0xb2, 0x47, 0x50, 0x82, 0xd1 } };
 static const IID D3D_IID_ID3D12PipelineState = { 0x765a30f3, 0xf624, 0x4c6f, { 0xa8, 0x28, 0xac, 0xe9, 0x48, 0x62, 0x24, 0x45 } };
 static const IID D3D_IID_ID3D12Debug = { 0x344488b7, 0x6846, 0x474b, { 0xb9, 0x89, 0xf0, 0x27, 0x44, 0x82, 0x45, 0xe0 } };
 static const IID D3D_IID_ID3D12InfoQueue = { 0x0742a90b, 0xc387, 0x483f, { 0xb9, 0x46, 0x30, 0xa7, 0xe4, 0xe6, 0x14, 0x58 } };

 // Enums

 typedef enum D3D12BufferType
 {
     D3D12_BUFFER_TYPE_GPU,
     D3D12_BUFFER_TYPE_UNIFORM,
     D3D12_BUFFER_TYPE_UPLOAD,
     D3D12_BUFFER_TYPE_DOWNLOAD
 } D3D12BufferType;

 // Conversions

 static SDL_GPUTextureFormat SwapchainCompositionToSDLTextureFormat[] = {
     SDL_GPU_TEXTUREFORMAT_B8G8R8A8_UNORM,      // SDR
     SDL_GPU_TEXTUREFORMAT_B8G8R8A8_UNORM_SRGB, // SDR_SRGB
     SDL_GPU_TEXTUREFORMAT_R16G16B16A16_FLOAT,  // HDR
     SDL_GPU_TEXTUREFORMAT_R10G10B10A2_UNORM,   // HDR_ADVANCED
 };

 static DXGI_FORMAT SwapchainCompositionToTextureFormat[] = {
     DXGI_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_UNORM,                // SDR
     DXGI_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_UNORM, /* SDR_SRGB */ // NOTE: The RTV uses the sRGB format
     DXGI_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_FLOAT,            // HDR
     DXGI_FORMAT_R10G10B10A2_UNORM,             // HDR_ADVANCED
 };

 static DXGI_COLOR_SPACE_TYPE SwapchainCompositionToColorSpace[] = {
     DXGI_COLOR_SPACE_RGB_FULL_G22_NONE_P709,   // SDR
     DXGI_COLOR_SPACE_RGB_FULL_G22_NONE_P709,   // SDR_SRGB
     DXGI_COLOR_SPACE_RGB_FULL_G10_NONE_P709,   // HDR
     DXGI_COLOR_SPACE_RGB_FULL_G2084_NONE_P2020 // HDR_ADVANCED
 };

 static D3D12_BLEND SDLToD3D12_BlendFactor[] = {
     D3D12_BLEND_ZERO,             // ZERO
     D3D12_BLEND_ONE,              // ONE
     D3D12_BLEND_SRC_COLOR,        // SRC_COLOR
     D3D12_BLEND_INV_SRC_COLOR,    // ONE_MINUS_SRC_COLOR
     D3D12_BLEND_DEST_COLOR,       // DST_COLOR
     D3D12_BLEND_INV_DEST_COLOR,   // ONE_MINUS_DST_COLOR
     D3D12_BLEND_SRC_ALPHA,        // SRC_ALPHA
     D3D12_BLEND_INV_SRC_ALPHA,    // ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA
     D3D12_BLEND_DEST_ALPHA,       // DST_ALPHA
     D3D12_BLEND_INV_DEST_ALPHA,   // ONE_MINUS_DST_ALPHA
     D3D12_BLEND_BLEND_FACTOR,     // CONSTANT_COLOR
     D3D12_BLEND_INV_BLEND_FACTOR, // ONE_MINUS_CONSTANT_COLOR
     D3D12_BLEND_SRC_ALPHA_SAT,    // SRC_ALPHA_SATURATE
 };

 static D3D12_BLEND SDLToD3D12_BlendFactorAlpha[] = {
     D3D12_BLEND_ZERO,             // ZERO
     D3D12_BLEND_ONE,              // ONE
     D3D12_BLEND_SRC_ALPHA,        // SRC_COLOR
     D3D12_BLEND_INV_SRC_ALPHA,    // ONE_MINUS_SRC_COLOR
     D3D12_BLEND_DEST_ALPHA,       // DST_COLOR
     D3D12_BLEND_INV_DEST_ALPHA,   // ONE_MINUS_DST_COLOR
     D3D12_BLEND_SRC_ALPHA,        // SRC_ALPHA
     D3D12_BLEND_INV_SRC_ALPHA,    // ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA
     D3D12_BLEND_DEST_ALPHA,       // DST_ALPHA
     D3D12_BLEND_INV_DEST_ALPHA,   // ONE_MINUS_DST_ALPHA
     D3D12_BLEND_BLEND_FACTOR,     // CONSTANT_COLOR
     D3D12_BLEND_INV_BLEND_FACTOR, // ONE_MINUS_CONSTANT_COLOR
     D3D12_BLEND_SRC_ALPHA_SAT,    // SRC_ALPHA_SATURATE
 };

 static D3D12_BLEND_OP SDLToD3D12_BlendOp[] = {
     D3D12_BLEND_OP_ADD,          // ADD
     D3D12_BLEND_OP_SUBTRACT,     // SUBTRACT
     D3D12_BLEND_OP_REV_SUBTRACT, // REVERSE_SUBTRACT
     D3D12_BLEND_OP_MIN,          // MIN
     D3D12_BLEND_OP_MAX           // MAX
 };

 static DXGI_FORMAT SDLToD3D12_TextureFormat[] = {
     DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM,       // R8G8B8A8_UNORM
     DXGI_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_UNORM,       // B8G8R8A8_UNORM
     DXGI_FORMAT_B5G6R5_UNORM,         // B5G6R5_UNORM
     DXGI_FORMAT_B5G5R5A1_UNORM,       // B5G5R5A1_UNORM
     DXGI_FORMAT_B4G4R4A4_UNORM,       // B4G4R4A4_UNORM
     DXGI_FORMAT_R10G10B10A2_UNORM,    // R10G10B10A2_UNORM
     DXGI_FORMAT_R16G16_UNORM,         // R16G16_UNORM
     DXGI_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_UNORM,   // R16G16B16A16_UNORM
     DXGI_FORMAT_R8_UNORM,             // R8_UNORM
     DXGI_FORMAT_A8_UNORM,             // A8_UNORM
     DXGI_FORMAT_BC1_UNORM,            // BC1_UNORM
     DXGI_FORMAT_BC2_UNORM,            // BC2_UNORM
     DXGI_FORMAT_BC3_UNORM,            // BC3_UNORM
     DXGI_FORMAT_BC7_UNORM,            // BC7_UNORM
     DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8_SNORM,           // R8G8_SNORM
     DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_SNORM,       // R8G8B8A8_SNORM
     DXGI_FORMAT_R16_FLOAT,            // R16_FLOAT
     DXGI_FORMAT_R16G16_FLOAT,         // R16G16_FLOAT
     DXGI_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_FLOAT,   // R16G16B16A16_FLOAT
     DXGI_FORMAT_R32_FLOAT,            // R32_FLOAT
     DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32_FLOAT,         // R32G32_FLOAT
     DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32B32A32_FLOAT,   // R32G32B32A32_FLOAT
     DXGI_FORMAT_R8_UINT,              // R8_UINT
     DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8_UINT,            // R8G8_UINT
     DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UINT,        // R8G8B8A8_UINT
     DXGI_FORMAT_R16_UINT,             // R16_UINT
     DXGI_FORMAT_R16G16_UINT,          // R16G16_UINT
     DXGI_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_UINT,    // R16G16B16A16_UINT
     DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM_SRGB,  // R8G8B8A8_UNORM_SRGB
     DXGI_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_UNORM_SRGB,  // B8G8R8A8_UNORM_SRGB
     DXGI_FORMAT_BC3_UNORM_SRGB,       // BC3_UNORM_SRGB
     DXGI_FORMAT_BC7_UNORM_SRGB,       // BC7_UNORM_SRGB
     DXGI_FORMAT_D16_UNORM,            // D16_UNORM
     DXGI_FORMAT_D24_UNORM_S8_UINT,    // D24_UNORM
     DXGI_FORMAT_D32_FLOAT,            // D32_FLOAT
     DXGI_FORMAT_D24_UNORM_S8_UINT,    // D24_UNORM_S8_UINT
     DXGI_FORMAT_D32_FLOAT_S8X24_UINT, // D32_FLOAT_S8_UINT
 };
 SDL_COMPILE_TIME_ASSERT(SDLToD3D12_TextureFormat, SDL_arraysize(SDLToD3D12_TextureFormat) == SDL_GPU_TEXTUREFORMAT_MAX);

 static D3D12_COMPARISON_FUNC SDLToD3D12_CompareOp[] = {
     D3D12_COMPARISON_FUNC_NEVER,         // NEVER
     D3D12_COMPARISON_FUNC_LESS,          // LESS
     D3D12_COMPARISON_FUNC_EQUAL,         // EQUAL
     D3D12_COMPARISON_FUNC_LESS_EQUAL,    // LESS_OR_EQUAL
     D3D12_COMPARISON_FUNC_GREATER,       // GREATER
     D3D12_COMPARISON_FUNC_NOT_EQUAL,     // NOT_EQUAL
     D3D12_COMPARISON_FUNC_GREATER_EQUAL, // GREATER_OR_EQUAL
     D3D12_COMPARISON_FUNC_ALWAYS         // ALWAYS
 };

 static D3D12_STENCIL_OP SDLToD3D12_StencilOp[] = {
     D3D12_STENCIL_OP_KEEP,     // KEEP
     D3D12_STENCIL_OP_ZERO,     // ZERO
     D3D12_STENCIL_OP_REPLACE,  // REPLACE
     D3D12_STENCIL_OP_INCR_SAT, // INCREMENT_AND_CLAMP
     D3D12_STENCIL_OP_DECR_SAT, // DECREMENT_AND_CLAMP
     D3D12_STENCIL_OP_INVERT,   // INVERT
     D3D12_STENCIL_OP_INCR,     // INCREMENT_AND_WRAP
     D3D12_STENCIL_OP_DECR      // DECREMENT_AND_WRAP
 };

 static D3D12_CULL_MODE SDLToD3D12_CullMode[] = {
     D3D12_CULL_MODE_NONE,  // NONE
     D3D12_CULL_MODE_FRONT, // FRONT
     D3D12_CULL_MODE_BACK   // BACK
 };

 static D3D12_FILL_MODE SDLToD3D12_FillMode[] = {
     D3D12_FILL_MODE_SOLID,    // FILL
     D3D12_FILL_MODE_WIREFRAME // LINE
 };

 static D3D12_INPUT_CLASSIFICATION SDLToD3D12_InputRate[] = {
     D3D12_INPUT_CLASSIFICATION_PER_VERTEX_DATA,  // VERTEX
     D3D12_INPUT_CLASSIFICATION_PER_INSTANCE_DATA // INSTANCE
 };

 static DXGI_FORMAT SDLToD3D12_VertexFormat[] = {
     DXGI_FORMAT_R32_SINT,           // INT
     DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32_SINT,        // INT2
     DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32B32_SINT,     // INT3
     DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32B32A32_SINT,  // INT4
     DXGI_FORMAT_R32_UINT,           // UINT
     DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32_UINT,        // UINT2
     DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32B32_UINT,     // UINT3
     DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32B32A32_UINT,  // UINT4
     DXGI_FORMAT_R32_FLOAT,          // FLOAT
     DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32_FLOAT,       // FLOAT2
     DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32B32_FLOAT,    // FLOAT3
     DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32B32A32_FLOAT, // FLOAT4
     DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8_SINT,          // BYTE2
     DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_SINT,      // BYTE4
     DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8_UINT,          // UBYTE2
     DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UINT,      // UBYTE4
     DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8_SNORM,         // BYTE2_NORM
     DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_SNORM,     // BYTE4_NORM
     DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8_UNORM,         // UBYTE2_NORM
     DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM,     // UBYTE4_NORM
     DXGI_FORMAT_R16G16_SINT,        // SHORT2
     DXGI_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_SINT,  // SHORT4
     DXGI_FORMAT_R16G16_UINT,        // USHORT2
     DXGI_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_UINT,  // USHORT4
     DXGI_FORMAT_R16G16_SNORM,       // SHORT2_NORM
     DXGI_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_SNORM, // SHORT4_NORM
     DXGI_FORMAT_R16G16_UNORM,       // USHORT2_NORM
     DXGI_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_UNORM, // USHORT4_NORM
     DXGI_FORMAT_R16G16_FLOAT,       // HALF2
     DXGI_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_FLOAT  // HALF4
 };

 static Uint32 SDLToD3D12_SampleCount[] = {
     1, // SDL_GPU_SAMPLECOUNT_1
     2, // SDL_GPU_SAMPLECOUNT_2
     4, // SDL_GPU_SAMPLECOUNT_4
     8, // SDL_GPU_SAMPLECOUNT_8
 };

 static D3D12_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY SDLToD3D12_PrimitiveType[] = {
     D3D_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_POINTLIST,    // POINTLIST
     D3D_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_LINELIST,     // LINELIST
     D3D_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_LINESTRIP,    // LINESTRIP
     D3D_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TRIANGLELIST, // TRIANGLELIST
     D3D_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TRIANGLESTRIP // TRIANGLESTRIP
 };

 static D3D12_TEXTURE_ADDRESS_MODE SDLToD3D12_SamplerAddressMode[] = {
     D3D12_TEXTURE_ADDRESS_MODE_WRAP,   // REPEAT
     D3D12_TEXTURE_ADDRESS_MODE_MIRROR, // MIRRORED_REPEAT
     D3D12_TEXTURE_ADDRESS_MODE_CLAMP   // CLAMP_TO_EDGE
 };

 static D3D12_FILTER SDLToD3D12_Filter(
     SDL_GPUFilter minFilter,
     SDL_GPUFilter magFilter,
     SDL_GPUSamplerMipmapMode mipmapMode,
     bool comparisonEnabled,
     bool anisotropyEnabled)
 {
     D3D12_FILTER result = D3D12_ENCODE_BASIC_FILTER(
         (minFilter == SDL_GPU_FILTER_LINEAR) ? 1 : 0,
         (magFilter == SDL_GPU_FILTER_LINEAR) ? 1 : 0,
         (mipmapMode == SDL_GPU_SAMPLERMIPMAPMODE_LINEAR) ? 1 : 0,
         comparisonEnabled ? 1 : 0);

     if (anisotropyEnabled) {
         result = (D3D12_FILTER)(result | D3D12_ANISOTROPIC_FILTERING_BIT);
     }

     return result;
 }

 // Structures
 typedef struct D3D12Renderer D3D12Renderer;
 typedef struct D3D12CommandBufferPool D3D12CommandBufferPool;
 typedef struct D3D12CommandBuffer D3D12CommandBuffer;
 typedef struct D3D12Texture D3D12Texture;
 typedef struct D3D12Shader D3D12Shader;
 typedef struct D3D12GraphicsPipeline D3D12GraphicsPipeline;
 typedef struct D3D12ComputePipeline D3D12ComputePipeline;
 typedef struct D3D12Buffer D3D12Buffer;
 typedef struct D3D12BufferContainer D3D12BufferContainer;
 typedef struct D3D12UniformBuffer D3D12UniformBuffer;
 typedef struct D3D12DescriptorHeap D3D12DescriptorHeap;
 typedef struct D3D12TextureDownload D3D12TextureDownload;

 typedef struct D3D12Fence
 {
     ID3D12Fence *handle;
     HANDLE event; // used for blocking
     SDL_AtomicInt referenceCount;
 } D3D12Fence;

 struct D3D12DescriptorHeap
 {
     ID3D12DescriptorHeap *handle;
     D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_HEAP_TYPE heapType;
     D3D12_CPU_DESCRIPTOR_HANDLE descriptorHeapCPUStart;
     D3D12_GPU_DESCRIPTOR_HANDLE descriptorHeapGPUStart; // only exists if staging is true
     Uint32 maxDescriptors;
     Uint32 descriptorSize;
     bool staging;

     Uint32 currentDescriptorIndex;

     Uint32 *inactiveDescriptorIndices; // only exists if staging is true
     Uint32 inactiveDescriptorCount;
 };

 typedef struct D3D12DescriptorHeapPool
 {
     Uint32 capacity;
     Uint32 count;
     D3D12DescriptorHeap **heaps;
     SDL_Mutex *lock;
 } D3D12DescriptorHeapPool;

 typedef struct D3D12CPUDescriptor
 {
     D3D12DescriptorHeap *heap;
     D3D12_CPU_DESCRIPTOR_HANDLE cpuHandle;
     Uint32 cpuHandleIndex;
 } D3D12CPUDescriptor;

 typedef struct D3D12TextureContainer
 {
     TextureCommonHeader header;

     D3D12Texture *activeTexture;

     D3D12Texture **textures;
     Uint32 textureCapacity;
     Uint32 textureCount;

     // Swapchain images cannot be cycled
     bool canBeCycled;

     char *debugName;
 } D3D12TextureContainer;

 // Null views represent by heap = NULL
 typedef struct D3D12TextureSubresource
 {
     D3D12Texture *parent;
     Uint32 layer;
     Uint32 level;
     Uint32 depth;
     Uint32 index;

     // One per depth slice
     D3D12CPUDescriptor *rtvHandles; // NULL if not a color target

     D3D12CPUDescriptor uavHandle; // NULL if not a compute storage write texture
     D3D12CPUDescriptor dsvHandle; // NULL if not a depth stencil target
 } D3D12TextureSubresource;

 struct D3D12Texture
 {
     D3D12TextureContainer *container;
     Uint32 containerIndex;

     D3D12TextureSubresource *subresources;
     Uint32 subresourceCount; /* layerCount * levelCount */

     ID3D12Resource *resource;
     D3D12CPUDescriptor srvHandle;

     SDL_AtomicInt referenceCount;
 };

 typedef struct D3D12Sampler
 {
     SDL_GPUSamplerCreateInfo createInfo;
     D3D12CPUDescriptor handle;
     SDL_AtomicInt referenceCount;
 } D3D12Sampler;

 typedef struct D3D12WindowData
 {
     SDL_Window *window;
 #if (defined(SDL_PLATFORM_XBOXONE) || defined(SDL_PLATFORM_XBOXSERIES))
     D3D12XBOX_FRAME_PIPELINE_TOKEN frameToken;
     Uint32 swapchainWidth, swapchainHeight;
 #else
     IDXGISwapChain3 *swapchain;
 #endif
     SDL_GPUPresentMode presentMode;
     SDL_GPUSwapchainComposition swapchainComposition;
     DXGI_COLOR_SPACE_TYPE swapchainColorSpace;
     Uint32 frameCounter;

     D3D12TextureContainer textureContainers[MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT];
     D3D12Fence *inFlightFences[MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT];
 } D3D12WindowData;

 typedef struct D3D12PresentData
 {
     D3D12WindowData *windowData;
     Uint32 swapchainImageIndex;
 } D3D12PresentData;

 struct D3D12Renderer
 {
     // Reference to the parent device
     SDL_GPUDevice *sdlGPUDevice;

 #if !(defined(SDL_PLATFORM_XBOXONE) || defined(SDL_PLATFORM_XBOXSERIES))
     IDXGIDebug *dxgiDebug;
     IDXGIFactory4 *factory;
     IDXGIInfoQueue *dxgiInfoQueue;
     IDXGIAdapter1 *adapter;
     void *dxgi_dll;
     void *dxgidebug_dll;
 #endif
     ID3D12Debug *d3d12Debug;
     bool supportsTearing;
     void *d3d12_dll;
     ID3D12Device *device;
     PFN_D3D12_SERIALIZE_ROOT_SIGNATURE D3D12SerializeRootSignature_func;
     const char *semantic;
     SDL_iconv_t iconv;

     ID3D12CommandQueue *commandQueue;

     bool debugMode;
     bool GPUUploadHeapSupported;
     // FIXME: these might not be necessary since we're not using custom heaps
     bool UMA;
     bool UMACacheCoherent;

     // Indirect command signatures
     ID3D12CommandSignature *indirectDrawCommandSignature;
     ID3D12CommandSignature *indirectIndexedDrawCommandSignature;
     ID3D12CommandSignature *indirectDispatchCommandSignature;

     // Blit
     SDL_GPUShader *blitVertexShader;
     SDL_GPUShader *blitFrom2DShader;
     SDL_GPUShader *blitFrom2DArrayShader;
     SDL_GPUShader *blitFrom3DShader;
     SDL_GPUShader *blitFromCubeShader;

     SDL_GPUSampler *blitNearestSampler;
     SDL_GPUSampler *blitLinearSampler;

     BlitPipelineCacheEntry *blitPipelines;
     Uint32 blitPipelineCount;
     Uint32 blitPipelineCapacity;

     // Resources

     D3D12CommandBuffer **availableCommandBuffers;
     Uint32 availableCommandBufferCount;
     Uint32 availableCommandBufferCapacity;

     D3D12CommandBuffer **submittedCommandBuffers;
     Uint32 submittedCommandBufferCount;
     Uint32 submittedCommandBufferCapacity;

     D3D12UniformBuffer **uniformBufferPool;
     Uint32 uniformBufferPoolCount;
     Uint32 uniformBufferPoolCapacity;

     D3D12WindowData **claimedWindows;
     Uint32 claimedWindowCount;
     Uint32 claimedWindowCapacity;

     D3D12Fence **availableFences;
     Uint32 availableFenceCount;
     Uint32 availableFenceCapacity;

     D3D12DescriptorHeap *stagingDescriptorHeaps[D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_HEAP_TYPE_NUM_TYPES];
     D3D12DescriptorHeapPool descriptorHeapPools[2];

     // Deferred resource releasing

     D3D12Buffer **buffersToDestroy;
     Uint32 buffersToDestroyCount;
     Uint32 buffersToDestroyCapacity;

     D3D12Texture **texturesToDestroy;
     Uint32 texturesToDestroyCount;
     Uint32 texturesToDestroyCapacity;

     D3D12Sampler **samplersToDestroy;
     Uint32 samplersToDestroyCount;
     Uint32 samplersToDestroyCapacity;

     D3D12GraphicsPipeline **graphicsPipelinesToDestroy;
     Uint32 graphicsPipelinesToDestroyCount;
     Uint32 graphicsPipelinesToDestroyCapacity;

     D3D12ComputePipeline **computePipelinesToDestroy;
     Uint32 computePipelinesToDestroyCount;
     Uint32 computePipelinesToDestroyCapacity;

     // Locks
     SDL_Mutex *stagingDescriptorHeapLock;
     SDL_Mutex *acquireCommandBufferLock;
     SDL_Mutex *acquireUniformBufferLock;
     SDL_Mutex *submitLock;
     SDL_Mutex *windowLock;
     SDL_Mutex *fenceLock;
     SDL_Mutex *disposeLock;
 };

 struct D3D12CommandBuffer
 {
     // reserved for SDL_gpu
     CommandBufferCommonHeader common;

     // non owning parent reference
     D3D12Renderer *renderer;

     ID3D12CommandAllocator *commandAllocator;
     ID3D12GraphicsCommandList *graphicsCommandList;
     D3D12Fence *inFlightFence;
     bool autoReleaseFence;

     // Presentation data
     D3D12PresentData *presentDatas;
     Uint32 presentDataCount;
     Uint32 presentDataCapacity;

     Uint32 colorAttachmentTextureSubresourceCount;
     D3D12TextureSubresource *colorAttachmentTextureSubresources[MAX_COLOR_TARGET_BINDINGS];
     D3D12TextureSubresource *depthStencilTextureSubresource;
     D3D12GraphicsPipeline *currentGraphicsPipeline;
     D3D12ComputePipeline *currentComputePipeline;

     // Set at acquire time
     D3D12DescriptorHeap *gpuDescriptorHeaps[D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_HEAP_TYPE_SAMPLER + 1];

     D3D12UniformBuffer **usedUniformBuffers;
     Uint32 usedUniformBufferCount;
     Uint32 usedUniformBufferCapacity;

     // Resource slot state
     bool needVertexBufferBind;
     bool needVertexSamplerBind;
     bool needVertexStorageTextureBind;
     bool needVertexStorageBufferBind;
     bool needVertexUniformBufferBind[MAX_UNIFORM_BUFFERS_PER_STAGE];
     bool needFragmentSamplerBind;
     bool needFragmentStorageTextureBind;
     bool needFragmentStorageBufferBind;
     bool needFragmentUniformBufferBind[MAX_UNIFORM_BUFFERS_PER_STAGE];

     bool needComputeReadOnlyStorageTextureBind;
     bool needComputeReadOnlyStorageBufferBind;
     bool needComputeUniformBufferBind[MAX_UNIFORM_BUFFERS_PER_STAGE];

     D3D12Buffer *vertexBuffers[MAX_BUFFER_BINDINGS];
     Uint32 vertexBufferOffsets[MAX_BUFFER_BINDINGS];
     Uint32 vertexBufferCount;

     D3D12Texture *vertexSamplerTextures[MAX_TEXTURE_SAMPLERS_PER_STAGE];
     D3D12Sampler *vertexSamplers[MAX_TEXTURE_SAMPLERS_PER_STAGE];
     D3D12Texture *vertexStorageTextures[MAX_STORAGE_TEXTURES_PER_STAGE];
     D3D12Buffer *vertexStorageBuffers[MAX_STORAGE_BUFFERS_PER_STAGE];
     D3D12UniformBuffer *vertexUniformBuffers[MAX_UNIFORM_BUFFERS_PER_STAGE];

     D3D12Texture *fragmentSamplerTextures[MAX_TEXTURE_SAMPLERS_PER_STAGE];
     D3D12Sampler *fragmentSamplers[MAX_TEXTURE_SAMPLERS_PER_STAGE];
     D3D12Texture *fragmentStorageTextures[MAX_STORAGE_TEXTURES_PER_STAGE];
     D3D12Buffer *fragmentStorageBuffers[MAX_STORAGE_BUFFERS_PER_STAGE];
     D3D12UniformBuffer *fragmentUniformBuffers[MAX_UNIFORM_BUFFERS_PER_STAGE];

     D3D12Texture *computeReadOnlyStorageTextures[MAX_STORAGE_TEXTURES_PER_STAGE];
     D3D12Buffer *computeReadOnlyStorageBuffers[MAX_STORAGE_BUFFERS_PER_STAGE];
     D3D12TextureSubresource *computeWriteOnlyStorageTextureSubresources[MAX_COMPUTE_WRITE_TEXTURES];
     Uint32 computeWriteOnlyStorageTextureSubresourceCount;
     D3D12Buffer *computeWriteOnlyStorageBuffers[MAX_COMPUTE_WRITE_BUFFERS];
     Uint32 computeWriteOnlyStorageBufferCount;
     D3D12UniformBuffer *computeUniformBuffers[MAX_UNIFORM_BUFFERS_PER_STAGE];

     // Resource tracking
     D3D12Texture **usedTextures;
     Uint32 usedTextureCount;
     Uint32 usedTextureCapacity;

     D3D12Buffer **usedBuffers;
     Uint32 usedBufferCount;
     Uint32 usedBufferCapacity;

     D3D12Sampler **usedSamplers;
     Uint32 usedSamplerCount;
     Uint32 usedSamplerCapacity;

     D3D12GraphicsPipeline **usedGraphicsPipelines;
     Uint32 usedGraphicsPipelineCount;
     Uint32 usedGraphicsPipelineCapacity;

     D3D12ComputePipeline **usedComputePipelines;
     Uint32 usedComputePipelineCount;
     Uint32 usedComputePipelineCapacity;

     // Used for texture pitch hack
     D3D12TextureDownload **textureDownloads;
     Uint32 textureDownloadCount;
     Uint32 textureDownloadCapacity;
 };

 struct D3D12Shader
 {
     // todo cleanup
     void *bytecode;
     size_t bytecodeSize;

     Uint32 samplerCount;
     Uint32 uniformBufferCount;
     Uint32 storageBufferCount;
     Uint32 storageTextureCount;
 };

 typedef struct D3D12GraphicsRootSignature
 {
     ID3D12RootSignature *handle;

     Sint32 vertexSamplerRootIndex;
     Sint32 vertexSamplerTextureRootIndex;
     Sint32 vertexStorageTextureRootIndex;
     Sint32 vertexStorageBufferRootIndex;

     Sint32 vertexUniformBufferRootIndex[MAX_UNIFORM_BUFFERS_PER_STAGE];

     Sint32 fragmentSamplerRootIndex;
     Sint32 fragmentSamplerTextureRootIndex;
     Sint32 fragmentStorageTextureRootIndex;
     Sint32 fragmentStorageBufferRootIndex;

     Sint32 fragmentUniformBufferRootIndex[MAX_UNIFORM_BUFFERS_PER_STAGE];
 } D3D12GraphicsRootSignature;

 struct D3D12GraphicsPipeline
 {
     ID3D12PipelineState *pipelineState;
     D3D12GraphicsRootSignature *rootSignature;
     SDL_GPUPrimitiveType primitiveType;

     Uint32 vertexStrides[MAX_BUFFER_BINDINGS];

     float blendConstants[4];
     Uint8 stencilRef;

     Uint32 vertexSamplerCount;
     Uint32 vertexUniformBufferCount;
     Uint32 vertexStorageBufferCount;
     Uint32 vertexStorageTextureCount;

     Uint32 fragmentSamplerCount;
     Uint32 fragmentUniformBufferCount;
     Uint32 fragmentStorageBufferCount;
     Uint32 fragmentStorageTextureCount;

     SDL_AtomicInt referenceCount;
 };

 typedef struct D3D12ComputeRootSignature
 {
     ID3D12RootSignature *handle;

     Uint32 readOnlyStorageTextureRootIndex;
     Uint32 readOnlyStorageBufferRootIndex;
     Uint32 writeOnlyStorageTextureRootIndex;
     Uint32 writeOnlyStorageBufferRootIndex;
     Uint32 uniformBufferRootIndex[MAX_UNIFORM_BUFFERS_PER_STAGE];
 } D3D12ComputeRootSignature;

 struct D3D12ComputePipeline
 {
     ID3D12PipelineState *pipelineState;
     D3D12ComputeRootSignature *rootSignature;

     Uint32 readOnlyStorageTextureCount;
     Uint32 readOnlyStorageBufferCount;
     Uint32 writeOnlyStorageTextureCount;
     Uint32 writeOnlyStorageBufferCount;
     Uint32 uniformBufferCount;

     SDL_AtomicInt referenceCount;
 };

 struct D3D12TextureDownload
 {
     D3D12Buffer *destinationBuffer;
     D3D12Buffer *temporaryBuffer;
     Uint32 width;
     Uint32 height;
     Uint32 depth;
     Uint32 bufferOffset;
     Uint32 bytesPerRow;
     Uint32 bytesPerDepthSlice;
     Uint32 alignedBytesPerRow;
 };

 struct D3D12Buffer
 {
     D3D12BufferContainer *container;
     Uint32 containerIndex;

     ID3D12Resource *handle;
     D3D12CPUDescriptor uavDescriptor;
     D3D12CPUDescriptor srvDescriptor;
     D3D12CPUDescriptor cbvDescriptor;
     D3D12_GPU_VIRTUAL_ADDRESS virtualAddress;
     Uint8 *mapPointer; // NULL except for upload buffers and fast uniform buffers
     SDL_AtomicInt referenceCount;
     bool transitioned; // used for initial resource barrier
 };

 struct D3D12BufferContainer
 {
     SDL_GPUBufferUsageFlags usageFlags;
     Uint32 size;
     D3D12BufferType type;

     D3D12Buffer *activeBuffer;

     D3D12Buffer **buffers;
     Uint32 bufferCapacity;
     Uint32 bufferCount;

     D3D12_RESOURCE_DESC bufferDesc;

     char *debugName;
 };

 struct D3D12UniformBuffer
 {
     D3D12Buffer *buffer;
     Uint32 writeOffset;
     Uint32 drawOffset;
     Uint32 currentBlockSize;
 };

 // Foward function declarations

 static void D3D12_UnclaimWindow(SDL_GPURenderer *driverData, SDL_Window *window);
 static void D3D12_Wait(SDL_GPURenderer *driverData);
 static void D3D12_WaitForFences(SDL_GPURenderer *driverData, bool waitAll, SDL_GPUFence **pFences, Uint32 fenceCount);
 static void D3D12_INTERNAL_ReleaseBlitPipelines(SDL_GPURenderer *driverData);

 // Helpers

 static Uint32 D3D12_INTERNAL_Align(Uint32 location, Uint32 alignment)
 {
     return (location + (alignment - 1)) & ~(alignment - 1);
 }

 // Xbox Hack

 #if (defined(SDL_PLATFORM_XBOXONE) || defined(SDL_PLATFORM_XBOXSERIES))
 // FIXME: This is purely to work around a presentation bug when recreating the device/command queue.
 static ID3D12Device *s_Device;
 static ID3D12CommandQueue *s_CommandQueue;
 #endif

 // Logging

 static void
 D3D12_INTERNAL_LogError(
     ID3D12Device *device,
     const char *msg,
     HRESULT res)
 {
 #define MAX_ERROR_LEN 1024 // FIXME: Arbitrary!

     // Buffer for text, ensure space for \0 terminator after buffer
     char wszMsgBuff[MAX_ERROR_LEN + 1];
     DWORD dwChars; // Number of chars returned.

     if (res == DXGI_ERROR_DEVICE_REMOVED) {
         if (device) {
             res = ID3D12Device_GetDeviceRemovedReason(device);
         }
     }

     // Try to get the message from the system errors.
     dwChars = FormatMessageA(
         FORMAT_MESSAGE_FROM_SYSTEM | FORMAT_MESSAGE_IGNORE_INSERTS,
         NULL,
         res,
         0,
         wszMsgBuff,
         MAX_ERROR_LEN,
         NULL);

     // No message? Screw it, just post the code.
     if (dwChars == 0) {
         SDL_LogError(SDL_LOG_CATEGORY_GPU, "%s! Error Code: " HRESULT_FMT, msg, res);
         return;
     }

     // Ensure valid range
     dwChars = SDL_min(dwChars, MAX_ERROR_LEN);

     // Trim whitespace from tail of message
     while (dwChars > 0) {
         if (wszMsgBuff[dwChars - 1] <= ' ') {
             dwChars--;
         } else {
             break;
         }
     }

     // Ensure null-terminated string
     wszMsgBuff[dwChars] = '\0';

     SDL_LogError(SDL_LOG_CATEGORY_GPU, "%s! Error Code: %s " HRESULT_FMT, msg, wszMsgBuff, res);
 }

 // Debug Naming

 static void D3D12_INTERNAL_SetResourceName(
     D3D12Renderer *renderer,
     ID3D12Resource *resource,
     const char *text)
 {
     if (renderer->debugMode) {
         ID3D12DeviceChild_SetPrivateData(
             resource,
             D3D_GUID(D3D_IID_D3DDebugObjectName),
             (UINT)SDL_strlen(text),
             text);
     }
 }

 // Release / Cleanup

 // TODO: call this when releasing resources
 static void D3D12_INTERNAL_ReleaseCpuDescriptorHandle(
     D3D12Renderer *renderer,
     D3D12CPUDescriptor *cpuDescriptor)
 {
     D3D12DescriptorHeap *heap = cpuDescriptor->heap;

     if (heap != NULL) {
         SDL_LockMutex(renderer->stagingDescriptorHeapLock);
         heap->inactiveDescriptorIndices[heap->inactiveDescriptorCount] = cpuDescriptor->cpuHandleIndex;
         heap->inactiveDescriptorCount += 1;
         SDL_UnlockMutex(renderer->stagingDescriptorHeapLock);
     }

     cpuDescriptor->heap = NULL;
     cpuDescriptor->cpuHandle.ptr = 0;
     cpuDescriptor->cpuHandleIndex = SDL_MAX_UINT32;
 }

 static void D3D12_INTERNAL_DestroyBuffer(
     D3D12Renderer *renderer,
     D3D12Buffer *buffer)
 {
     if (!buffer) {
         return;
     }

     if (buffer->mapPointer != NULL) {
         ID3D12Resource_Unmap(
             buffer->handle,
             0,
             NULL);
     }
     D3D12_INTERNAL_ReleaseCpuDescriptorHandle(
         renderer,
         &buffer->srvDescriptor);
     D3D12_INTERNAL_ReleaseCpuDescriptorHandle(
         renderer,
         &buffer->uavDescriptor);
     D3D12_INTERNAL_ReleaseCpuDescriptorHandle(
         renderer,
         &buffer->cbvDescriptor);

     if (buffer->handle) {
         ID3D12Resource_Release(buffer->handle);
     }
     SDL_free(buffer);
 }

 static void D3D12_INTERNAL_ReleaseBuffer(
     D3D12Renderer *renderer,
     D3D12Buffer *buffer)
 {
     SDL_LockMutex(renderer->disposeLock);

     EXPAND_ARRAY_IF_NEEDED(
         renderer->buffersToDestroy,
         D3D12Buffer *,
         renderer->buffersToDestroyCount + 1,
         renderer->buffersToDestroyCapacity,
         renderer->buffersToDestroyCapacity * 2)

     renderer->buffersToDestroy[renderer->buffersToDestroyCount] = buffer;
     renderer->buffersToDestroyCount += 1;

     SDL_UnlockMutex(renderer->disposeLock);
 }

 static void D3D12_INTERNAL_ReleaseBufferContainer(
     D3D12Renderer *renderer,
     D3D12BufferContainer *container)
 {
     SDL_LockMutex(renderer->disposeLock);

     for (Uint32 i = 0; i < container->bufferCount; i += 1) {
         D3D12_INTERNAL_ReleaseBuffer(
             renderer,
             container->buffers[i]);
     }

     // Containers are just client handles, so we can free immediately
     if (container->debugName) {
         SDL_free(container->debugName);
     }
     SDL_free(container->buffers);
     SDL_free(container);

     SDL_UnlockMutex(renderer->disposeLock);
 }

 static void D3D12_INTERNAL_DestroyTexture(
     D3D12Renderer *renderer,
     D3D12Texture *texture)
 {
     if (!texture) {
         return;
     }
     for (Uint32 i = 0; i < texture->subresourceCount; i += 1) {
         D3D12TextureSubresource *subresource = &texture->subresources[i];
         if (subresource->rtvHandles) {
             for (Uint32 depthIndex = 0; depthIndex < subresource->depth; depthIndex += 1) {
                 D3D12_INTERNAL_ReleaseCpuDescriptorHandle(
                     renderer,
                     &subresource->rtvHandles[depthIndex]);
             }
             SDL_free(subresource->rtvHandles);
         }

         D3D12_INTERNAL_ReleaseCpuDescriptorHandle(
             renderer,
             &subresource->uavHandle);

         D3D12_INTERNAL_ReleaseCpuDescriptorHandle(
             renderer,
             &subresource->dsvHandle);
     }
     SDL_free(texture->subresources);

     D3D12_INTERNAL_ReleaseCpuDescriptorHandle(
         renderer,
         &texture->srvHandle);

     if (texture->resource) {
         ID3D12Resource_Release(texture->resource);
     }

     SDL_free(texture);
 }

 static void D3D12_INTERNAL_ReleaseTexture(
     D3D12Renderer *renderer,
     D3D12Texture *texture)
 {
     SDL_LockMutex(renderer->disposeLock);

     EXPAND_ARRAY_IF_NEEDED(
         renderer->texturesToDestroy,
         D3D12Texture *,
         renderer->texturesToDestroyCount + 1,
         renderer->texturesToDestroyCapacity,
         renderer->texturesToDestroyCapacity * 2)

     renderer->texturesToDestroy[renderer->texturesToDestroyCount] = texture;
     renderer->texturesToDestroyCount += 1;

     SDL_UnlockMutex(renderer->disposeLock);
 }

 static void D3D12_INTERNAL_ReleaseTextureContainer(
     D3D12Renderer *renderer,
     D3D12TextureContainer *container)
 {
     SDL_LockMutex(renderer->disposeLock);

     for (Uint32 i = 0; i < container->textureCount; i += 1) {
         D3D12_INTERNAL_ReleaseTexture(
             renderer,
             container->textures[i]);
     }

     // Containers are just client handles, so we can destroy immediately
     if (container->debugName) {
         SDL_free(container->debugName);
     }
     SDL_free(container->textures);
     SDL_free(container);

     SDL_UnlockMutex(renderer->disposeLock);
 }

 static void D3D12_INTERNAL_DestroySampler(
     D3D12Renderer *renderer,
     D3D12Sampler *sampler)
 {
     D3D12_INTERNAL_ReleaseCpuDescriptorHandle(
         renderer,
         &sampler->handle);

     SDL_free(sampler);
 }

 static void D3D12_INTERNAL_DestroyGraphicsRootSignature(
     D3D12GraphicsRootSignature *rootSignature)
 {
     if (!rootSignature) {
         return;
     }
     if (rootSignature->handle) {
         ID3D12RootSignature_Release(rootSignature->handle);
     }
     SDL_free(rootSignature);
 }

 static void D3D12_INTERNAL_DestroyGraphicsPipeline(
     D3D12GraphicsPipeline *graphicsPipeline)
 {
     if (graphicsPipeline->pipelineState) {
         ID3D12PipelineState_Release(graphicsPipeline->pipelineState);
     }
     D3D12_INTERNAL_DestroyGraphicsRootSignature(graphicsPipeline->rootSignature);
     SDL_free(graphicsPipeline);
 }

 static void D3D12_INTERNAL_DestroyComputeRootSignature(
     D3D12ComputeRootSignature *rootSignature)
 {
     if (!rootSignature) {
         return;
     }
     if (rootSignature->handle) {
         ID3D12RootSignature_Release(rootSignature->handle);
     }
     SDL_free(rootSignature);
 }

 static void D3D12_INTERNAL_DestroyComputePipeline(
     D3D12ComputePipeline *computePipeline)
 {
     if (computePipeline->pipelineState) {
         ID3D12PipelineState_Release(computePipeline->pipelineState);
     }
     D3D12_INTERNAL_DestroyComputeRootSignature(computePipeline->rootSignature);
     SDL_free(computePipeline);
 }

 static void D3D12_INTERNAL_ReleaseFenceToPool(
     D3D12Renderer *renderer,
     D3D12Fence *fence)
 {
     SDL_LockMutex(renderer->fenceLock);

     EXPAND_ARRAY_IF_NEEDED(
         renderer->availableFences,
         D3D12Fence *,
         renderer->availableFenceCount + 1,
         renderer->availableFenceCapacity,
         renderer->availableFenceCapacity * 2);

     renderer->availableFences[renderer->availableFenceCount] = fence;
     renderer->availableFenceCount += 1;

     SDL_UnlockMutex(renderer->fenceLock);
 }

 static void D3D12_ReleaseFence(
     SDL_GPURenderer *driverData,
     SDL_GPUFence *fence)
 {
     D3D12Fence *d3d12Fence = (D3D12Fence *)fence;

     if (SDL_AtomicDecRef(&d3d12Fence->referenceCount)) {
         D3D12_INTERNAL_ReleaseFenceToPool(
             (D3D12Renderer *)driverData,
             d3d12Fence);
     }
 }

 static bool D3D12_QueryFence(
     SDL_GPURenderer *driverData,
     SDL_GPUFence *fence)
 {
     D3D12Fence *d3d12Fence = (D3D12Fence *)fence;
     return ID3D12Fence_GetCompletedValue(d3d12Fence->handle) == D3D12_FENCE_SIGNAL_VALUE;
 }

 static void D3D12_INTERNAL_DestroyDescriptorHeap(D3D12DescriptorHeap *descriptorHeap)
 {
     if (!descriptorHeap) {
         return;
     }
     SDL_free(descriptorHeap->inactiveDescriptorIndices);
     if (descriptorHeap->handle) {
         ID3D12DescriptorHeap_Release(descriptorHeap->handle);
     }
     SDL_free(descriptorHeap);
 }

 static void D3D12_INTERNAL_DestroyCommandBuffer(D3D12CommandBuffer *commandBuffer)
 {
     if (!commandBuffer) {
         return;
     }
     if (commandBuffer->graphicsCommandList) {
         ID3D12GraphicsCommandList_Release(commandBuffer->graphicsCommandList);
     }
     if (commandBuffer->commandAllocator) {
         ID3D12CommandAllocator_Release(commandBuffer->commandAllocator);
     }
     SDL_free(commandBuffer->presentDatas);
     SDL_free(commandBuffer->usedTextures);
     SDL_free(commandBuffer->usedBuffers);
     SDL_free(commandBuffer->usedSamplers);
     SDL_free(commandBuffer->usedGraphicsPipelines);
     SDL_free(commandBuffer->usedComputePipelines);
     SDL_free(commandBuffer->usedUniformBuffers);
     SDL_free(commandBuffer);
 }

 static void D3D12_INTERNAL_DestroyFence(D3D12Fence *fence)
 {
     if (!fence) {
         return;
     }
     if (fence->handle) {
         ID3D12Fence_Release(fence->handle);
     }
     if (fence->event) {
         CloseHandle(fence->event);
     }
     SDL_free(fence);
 }

 static void D3D12_INTERNAL_DestroyRenderer(D3D12Renderer *renderer)
 {
     // Release uniform buffers
     for (Uint32 i = 0; i < renderer->uniformBufferPoolCount; i += 1) {
         D3D12_INTERNAL_DestroyBuffer(
             renderer,
             renderer->uniformBufferPool[i]->buffer);
         SDL_free(renderer->uniformBufferPool[i]);
     }

     // Clean up descriptor heaps
     for (Uint32 i = 0; i < D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_HEAP_TYPE_NUM_TYPES; i += 1) {
         if (renderer->stagingDescriptorHeaps[i]) {
             D3D12_INTERNAL_DestroyDescriptorHeap(renderer->stagingDescriptorHeaps[i]);
             renderer->stagingDescriptorHeaps[i] = NULL;
         }
     }

     for (Uint32 i = 0; i < 2; i += 1) {
         if (renderer->descriptorHeapPools[i].heaps) {
             for (Uint32 j = 0; j < renderer->descriptorHeapPools[i].count; j += 1) {
                 if (renderer->descriptorHeapPools[i].heaps[j]) {
                     D3D12_INTERNAL_DestroyDescriptorHeap(renderer->descriptorHeapPools[i].heaps[j]);
                     renderer->descriptorHeapPools[i].heaps[j] = NULL;
                 }
             }
             SDL_free(renderer->descriptorHeapPools[i].heaps);
         }
         if (renderer->descriptorHeapPools[i].lock) {
             SDL_DestroyMutex(renderer->descriptorHeapPools[i].lock);
             renderer->descriptorHeapPools[i].lock = NULL;
         }
     }

     // Release command buffers
     for (Uint32 i = 0; i < renderer->availableCommandBufferCount; i += 1) {
         if (renderer->availableCommandBuffers[i]) {
             D3D12_INTERNAL_DestroyCommandBuffer(renderer->availableCommandBuffers[i]);
             renderer->availableCommandBuffers[i] = NULL;
         }
     }

     // Release fences
     for (Uint32 i = 0; i < renderer->availableFenceCount; i += 1) {
         if (renderer->availableFences[i]) {
             D3D12_INTERNAL_DestroyFence(renderer->availableFences[i]);
             renderer->availableFences[i] = NULL;
         }
     }

     // Clean up allocations
     SDL_free(renderer->availableCommandBuffers);
     SDL_free(renderer->submittedCommandBuffers);
     SDL_free(renderer->uniformBufferPool);
     SDL_free(renderer->claimedWindows);
     SDL_free(renderer->availableFences);
     SDL_free(renderer->buffersToDestroy);
     SDL_free(renderer->texturesToDestroy);
     SDL_free(renderer->samplersToDestroy);
     SDL_free(renderer->graphicsPipelinesToDestroy);
     SDL_free(renderer->computePipelinesToDestroy);

     // Tear down D3D12 objects
     if (renderer->indirectDrawCommandSignature) {
         ID3D12CommandSignature_Release(renderer->indirectDrawCommandSignature);
         renderer->indirectDrawCommandSignature = NULL;
     }
     if (renderer->indirectIndexedDrawCommandSignature) {
         ID3D12CommandSignature_Release(renderer->indirectIndexedDrawCommandSignature);
         renderer->indirectIndexedDrawCommandSignature = NULL;
     }
     if (renderer->indirectDispatchCommandSignature) {
         ID3D12CommandSignature_Release(renderer->indirectDispatchCommandSignature);
         renderer->indirectDispatchCommandSignature = NULL;
     }
 #if !(defined(SDL_PLATFORM_XBOXONE) || defined(SDL_PLATFORM_XBOXSERIES))
     if (renderer->commandQueue) {
         ID3D12CommandQueue_Release(renderer->commandQueue);
         renderer->commandQueue = NULL;
     }
     if (renderer->device) {
         ID3D12Device_Release(renderer->device);
         renderer->device = NULL;
     }
     if (renderer->adapter) {
         IDXGIAdapter1_Release(renderer->adapter);
         renderer->adapter = NULL;
     }
     if (renderer->factory) {
         IDXGIFactory4_Release(renderer->factory);
         renderer->factory = NULL;
     }
     if (renderer->dxgiDebug) {
         IDXGIDebug_ReportLiveObjects(
             renderer->dxgiDebug,
             D3D_IID_DXGI_DEBUG_ALL,
             (DXGI_DEBUG_RLO_FLAGS)(DXGI_DEBUG_RLO_SUMMARY | DXGI_DEBUG_RLO_DETAIL));
         IDXGIDebug_Release(renderer->dxgiDebug);
         renderer->dxgiDebug = NULL;
     }
 #endif
     if (renderer->d3d12_dll) {
         SDL_UnloadObject(renderer->d3d12_dll);
         renderer->d3d12_dll = NULL;
     }
 #if !(defined(SDL_PLATFORM_XBOXONE) || defined(SDL_PLATFORM_XBOXSERIES))
     if (renderer->dxgi_dll) {
         SDL_UnloadObject(renderer->dxgi_dll);
         renderer->dxgi_dll = NULL;
     }
     if (renderer->dxgidebug_dll) {
         SDL_UnloadObject(renderer->dxgidebug_dll);
         renderer->dxgidebug_dll = NULL;
     }
 #endif
     renderer->D3D12SerializeRootSignature_func = NULL;

     if (renderer->iconv) {
         SDL_iconv_close(renderer->iconv);
     }

     SDL_DestroyMutex(renderer->stagingDescriptorHeapLock);
     SDL_DestroyMutex(renderer->acquireCommandBufferLock);
     SDL_DestroyMutex(renderer->acquireUniformBufferLock);
     SDL_DestroyMutex(renderer->submitLock);
     SDL_DestroyMutex(renderer->windowLock);
     SDL_DestroyMutex(renderer->fenceLock);
     SDL_DestroyMutex(renderer->disposeLock);
     SDL_free(renderer);
 }

 static void D3D12_DestroyDevice(SDL_GPUDevice *device)
 {
     D3D12Renderer *renderer = (D3D12Renderer *)device->driverData;

     // Release blit pipeline structures
     D3D12_INTERNAL_ReleaseBlitPipelines((SDL_GPURenderer *)renderer);

     // Flush any remaining GPU work...
     D3D12_Wait((SDL_GPURenderer *)renderer);

     // Release window data
     for (Sint32 i = renderer->claimedWindowCount - 1; i >= 0; i -= 1) {
         D3D12_UnclaimWindow((SDL_GPURenderer *)renderer, renderer->claimedWindows[i]->window);
     }

     D3D12_INTERNAL_DestroyRenderer(renderer);
     SDL_free(device);
 }

 // Barriers

 static inline Uint32 D3D12_INTERNAL_CalcSubresource(
     Uint32 mipLevel,
     Uint32 layer,
     Uint32 numLevels)
 {
     return mipLevel + (layer * numLevels);
 }

 static void D3D12_INTERNAL_ResourceBarrier(
     D3D12CommandBuffer *commandBuffer,
     D3D12_RESOURCE_STATES sourceState,
     D3D12_RESOURCE_STATES destinationState,
     ID3D12Resource *resource,
     Uint32 subresourceIndex,
     bool needsUavBarrier)
 {
     D3D12_RESOURCE_BARRIER barrierDesc[2];
     Uint32 numBarriers = 0;

     // No transition barrier is needed if the state is not changing.
     if (sourceState != destinationState) {
         barrierDesc[numBarriers].Type = D3D12_RESOURCE_BARRIER_TYPE_TRANSITION;
         barrierDesc[numBarriers].Flags = (D3D12_RESOURCE_BARRIER_FLAGS)0;
         barrierDesc[numBarriers].Transition.StateBefore = sourceState;
         barrierDesc[numBarriers].Transition.StateAfter = destinationState;
         barrierDesc[numBarriers].Transition.pResource = resource;
         barrierDesc[numBarriers].Transition.Subresource = subresourceIndex;

         numBarriers += 1;
     }

     if (needsUavBarrier) {
         barrierDesc[numBarriers].Type = D3D12_RESOURCE_BARRIER_TYPE_UAV;
         barrierDesc[numBarriers].Flags = (D3D12_RESOURCE_BARRIER_FLAGS)0;
         barrierDesc[numBarriers].UAV.pResource = resource;

         numBarriers += 1;
     }

     if (numBarriers > 0) {
         ID3D12GraphicsCommandList_ResourceBarrier(
             commandBuffer->graphicsCommandList,
             numBarriers,
             barrierDesc);
     }
 }

 static void D3D12_INTERNAL_TextureSubresourceBarrier(
     D3D12CommandBuffer *commandBuffer,
     D3D12_RESOURCE_STATES sourceState,
     D3D12_RESOURCE_STATES destinationState,
     D3D12TextureSubresource *textureSubresource)
 {
     D3D12_INTERNAL_ResourceBarrier(
         commandBuffer,
         sourceState,
         destinationState,
         textureSubresource->parent->resource,
         textureSubresource->index,
         textureSubresource->parent->container->header.info.usageFlags & SDL_GPU_TEXTUREUSAGE_COMPUTE_STORAGE_WRITE_BIT);
 }

 static D3D12_RESOURCE_STATES D3D12_INTERNAL_DefaultTextureResourceState(
     SDL_GPUTextureUsageFlags usageFlags)
 {
     // NOTE: order matters here!

     if (usageFlags & SDL_GPU_TEXTUREUSAGE_SAMPLER_BIT) {
         return D3D12_RESOURCE_STATE_ALL_SHADER_RESOURCE;
     } else if (usageFlags & SDL_GPU_TEXTUREUSAGE_GRAPHICS_STORAGE_READ_BIT) {
         return D3D12_RESOURCE_STATE_ALL_SHADER_RESOURCE;
     } else if (usageFlags & SDL_GPU_TEXTUREUSAGE_COLOR_TARGET_BIT) {
         return D3D12_RESOURCE_STATE_RENDER_TARGET;
     } else if (usageFlags & SDL_GPU_TEXTUREUSAGE_DEPTH_STENCIL_TARGET_BIT) {
         return D3D12_RESOURCE_STATE_DEPTH_WRITE;
     } else if (usageFlags & SDL_GPU_TEXTUREUSAGE_COMPUTE_STORAGE_READ_BIT) {
         return D3D12_RESOURCE_STATE_NON_PIXEL_SHADER_RESOURCE;
     } else if (usageFlags & SDL_GPU_TEXTUREUSAGE_COMPUTE_STORAGE_WRITE_BIT) {
         return D3D12_RESOURCE_STATE_UNORDERED_ACCESS;
     } else {
         SDL_LogError(SDL_LOG_CATEGORY_GPU, "Texture has no default usage mode!");
         return D3D12_RESOURCE_STATE_ALL_SHADER_RESOURCE;
     }
 }

 static void D3D12_INTERNAL_TextureSubresourceTransitionFromDefaultUsage(
     D3D12CommandBuffer *commandBuffer,
     D3D12_RESOURCE_STATES destinationUsageMode,
     D3D12TextureSubresource *textureSubresource)
 {
     D3D12_INTERNAL_TextureSubresourceBarrier(
         commandBuffer,
         D3D12_INTERNAL_DefaultTextureResourceState(textureSubresource->parent->container->header.info.usageFlags),
         destinationUsageMode,
         textureSubresource);
 }

 static void D3D12_INTERNAL_TextureTransitionFromDefaultUsage(
     D3D12CommandBuffer *commandBuffer,
     D3D12_RESOURCE_STATES destinationUsageMode,
     D3D12Texture *texture)
 {
     for (Uint32 i = 0; i < texture->subresourceCount; i += 1) {
         D3D12_INTERNAL_TextureSubresourceTransitionFromDefaultUsage(
             commandBuffer,
             destinationUsageMode,
             &texture->subresources[i]);
     }
 }

 static void D3D12_INTERNAL_TextureSubresourceTransitionToDefaultUsage(
     D3D12CommandBuffer *commandBuffer,
     D3D12_RESOURCE_STATES sourceUsageMode,
     D3D12TextureSubresource *textureSubresource)
 {
     D3D12_INTERNAL_TextureSubresourceBarrier(
         commandBuffer,
         sourceUsageMode,
         D3D12_INTERNAL_DefaultTextureResourceState(textureSubresource->parent->container->header.info.usageFlags),
         textureSubresource);
 }

 static void D3D12_INTERNAL_TextureTransitionToDefaultUsage(
     D3D12CommandBuffer *commandBuffer,
     D3D12_RESOURCE_STATES sourceUsageMode,
     D3D12Texture *texture)
 {
     for (Uint32 i = 0; i < texture->subresourceCount; i += 1) {
         D3D12_INTERNAL_TextureSubresourceTransitionToDefaultUsage(
             commandBuffer,
             sourceUsageMode,
             &texture->subresources[i]);
     }
 }

 static D3D12_RESOURCE_STATES D3D12_INTERNAL_DefaultBufferResourceState(
     D3D12Buffer *buffer)
 {
     if (buffer->container->usageFlags & SDL_GPU_BUFFERUSAGE_VERTEX_BIT) {
         return D3D12_RESOURCE_STATE_VERTEX_AND_CONSTANT_BUFFER;
     } else if (buffer->container->usageFlags & SDL_GPU_BUFFERUSAGE_INDEX_BIT) {
         return D3D12_RESOURCE_STATE_INDEX_BUFFER;
     } else if (buffer->container->usageFlags & SDL_GPU_BUFFERUSAGE_INDIRECT_BIT) {
         return D3D12_RESOURCE_STATE_INDIRECT_ARGUMENT;
     } else if (buffer->container->usageFlags & SDL_GPU_BUFFERUSAGE_GRAPHICS_STORAGE_READ_BIT) {
         return D3D12_RESOURCE_STATE_ALL_SHADER_RESOURCE;
     } else if (buffer->container->usageFlags & SDL_GPU_BUFFERUSAGE_COMPUTE_STORAGE_READ_BIT) {
         return D3D12_RESOURCE_STATE_NON_PIXEL_SHADER_RESOURCE;
     } else if (buffer->container->usageFlags & SDL_GPU_BUFFERUSAGE_COMPUTE_STORAGE_WRITE_BIT) {
         return D3D12_RESOURCE_STATE_UNORDERED_ACCESS;
     } else {
         SDL_LogError(SDL_LOG_CATEGORY_GPU, "Buffer has no default usage mode!");
         return D3D12_RESOURCE_STATE_VERTEX_AND_CONSTANT_BUFFER;
     }
 }

 static void D3D12_INTERNAL_BufferBarrier(
     D3D12CommandBuffer *commandBuffer,
     D3D12_RESOURCE_STATES sourceState,
     D3D12_RESOURCE_STATES destinationState,
     D3D12Buffer *buffer)
 {
     D3D12_INTERNAL_ResourceBarrier(
         commandBuffer,
         buffer->transitioned ? sourceState : D3D12_RESOURCE_STATE_COMMON,
         destinationState,
         buffer->handle,
         0,
         buffer->container->usageFlags & SDL_GPU_BUFFERUSAGE_COMPUTE_STORAGE_WRITE_BIT);

     buffer->transitioned = true;
 }

 static void D3D12_INTERNAL_BufferTransitionFromDefaultUsage(
     D3D12CommandBuffer *commandBuffer,
     D3D12_RESOURCE_STATES destinationState,
     D3D12Buffer *buffer)
 {
     D3D12_INTERNAL_BufferBarrier(
         commandBuffer,
         D3D12_INTERNAL_DefaultBufferResourceState(buffer),
         destinationState,
         buffer);
 }

 static void D3D12_INTERNAL_BufferTransitionToDefaultUsage(
     D3D12CommandBuffer *commandBuffer,
     D3D12_RESOURCE_STATES sourceState,
     D3D12Buffer *buffer)
 {
     D3D12_INTERNAL_BufferBarrier(
         commandBuffer,
         sourceState,
         D3D12_INTERNAL_DefaultBufferResourceState(buffer),
         buffer);
 }

 // Resource tracking

 #define TRACK_RESOURCE(resource, type, array, count, capacity) \
     Uint32 i;                                                  \
                                                                \
     for (i = 0; i < commandBuffer->count; i += 1) {            \
         if (commandBuffer->array[i] == resource) {             \
             return;                                            \
         }                                                      \
     }                                                          \
                                                                \
     if (commandBuffer->count == commandBuffer->capacity) {     \
         commandBuffer->capacity += 1;                          \
         commandBuffer->array = (type *)SDL_realloc(            \
             commandBuffer->array,                              \
             commandBuffer->capacity * sizeof(type));           \
     }                                                          \
     commandBuffer->array[commandBuffer->count] = resource;     \
     commandBuffer->count += 1;                                 \
     SDL_AtomicIncRef(&resource->referenceCount);

 static void D3D12_INTERNAL_TrackTexture(
     D3D12CommandBuffer *commandBuffer,
     D3D12Texture *texture)
 {
     TRACK_RESOURCE(
         texture,
         D3D12Texture *,
         usedTextures,
         usedTextureCount,
         usedTextureCapacity)
 }

 static void D3D12_INTERNAL_TrackBuffer(
     D3D12CommandBuffer *commandBuffer,
     D3D12Buffer *buffer)
 {
     TRACK_RESOURCE(
         buffer,
         D3D12Buffer *,
         usedBuffers,
         usedBufferCount,
         usedBufferCapacity)
 }

 static void D3D12_INTERNAL_TrackSampler(
     D3D12CommandBuffer *commandBuffer,
     D3D12Sampler *sampler)
 {
     TRACK_RESOURCE(
         sampler,
         D3D12Sampler *,
         usedSamplers,
         usedSamplerCount,
         usedSamplerCapacity)
 }

 static void D3D12_INTERNAL_TrackGraphicsPipeline(
     D3D12CommandBuffer *commandBuffer,
     D3D12GraphicsPipeline *graphicsPipeline)
 {
     TRACK_RESOURCE(
         graphicsPipeline,
         D3D12GraphicsPipeline *,
         usedGraphicsPipelines,
         usedGraphicsPipelineCount,
         usedGraphicsPipelineCapacity)
 }

 static void D3D12_INTERNAL_TrackComputePipeline(
     D3D12CommandBuffer *commandBuffer,
     D3D12ComputePipeline *computePipeline)
 {
     TRACK_RESOURCE(
         computePipeline,
         D3D12ComputePipeline *,
         usedComputePipelines,
         usedComputePipelineCount,
         usedComputePipelineCapacity)
 }

 #undef TRACK_RESOURCE

 // State Creation

 static D3D12DescriptorHeap *D3D12_INTERNAL_CreateDescriptorHeap(
     D3D12Renderer *renderer,
     D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_HEAP_TYPE type,
     Uint32 descriptorCount,
     bool staging)
 {
     D3D12DescriptorHeap *heap;
     ID3D12DescriptorHeap *handle;
     D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_HEAP_DESC heapDesc;
     HRESULT res;

     heap = (D3D12DescriptorHeap *)SDL_calloc(1, sizeof(D3D12DescriptorHeap));
     if (!heap) {
         return NULL;
     }

     heap->currentDescriptorIndex = 0;
     heap->inactiveDescriptorCount = 0;
     heap->inactiveDescriptorIndices = NULL;

     if (staging) {
         heap->inactiveDescriptorIndices = (Uint32 *)SDL_calloc(descriptorCount, sizeof(Uint32));
         if (!heap->inactiveDescriptorIndices) {
             D3D12_INTERNAL_DestroyDescriptorHeap(heap);
             return NULL;
         }
     }

     heapDesc.NumDescriptors = descriptorCount;
     heapDesc.Type = type;
     heapDesc.Flags = staging ? D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_HEAP_FLAG_NONE : D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_HEAP_FLAG_SHADER_VISIBLE;
     heapDesc.NodeMask = 0;

     res = ID3D12Device_CreateDescriptorHeap(
         renderer->device,
         &heapDesc,
         D3D_GUID(D3D_IID_ID3D12DescriptorHeap),
         (void **)&handle);

     if (FAILED(res)) {
         D3D12_INTERNAL_LogError(renderer->device, "Failed to create descriptor heap!", res);
         D3D12_INTERNAL_DestroyDescriptorHeap(heap);
         return NULL;
     }

     heap->handle = handle;
     heap->heapType = type;
     heap->maxDescriptors = descriptorCount;
     heap->staging = staging;
     heap->descriptorSize = ID3D12Device_GetDescriptorHandleIncrementSize(renderer->device, type);
     D3D_CALL_RET(handle, GetCPUDescriptorHandleForHeapStart, &heap->descriptorHeapCPUStart);
     if (!staging) {
         D3D_CALL_RET(handle, GetGPUDescriptorHandleForHeapStart, &heap->descriptorHeapGPUStart);
     }

     return heap;
 }

 static D3D12DescriptorHeap *D3D12_INTERNAL_AcquireDescriptorHeapFromPool(
     D3D12CommandBuffer *commandBuffer,
     D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_HEAP_TYPE descriptorHeapType)
 {
     D3D12DescriptorHeap *result;
     D3D12Renderer *renderer = commandBuffer->renderer;
     D3D12DescriptorHeapPool *pool = &renderer->descriptorHeapPools[descriptorHeapType];

     SDL_LockMutex(pool->lock);
     if (pool->count > 0) {
         result = pool->heaps[pool->count - 1];
         pool->count -= 1;
     } else {
         result = D3D12_INTERNAL_CreateDescriptorHeap(
             renderer,
             descriptorHeapType,
             descriptorHeapType == D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_HEAP_TYPE_CBV_SRV_UAV ? VIEW_GPU_DESCRIPTOR_COUNT : SAMPLER_GPU_DESCRIPTOR_COUNT,
             false);
     }
     SDL_UnlockMutex(pool->lock);

     return result;
 }

 static void D3D12_INTERNAL_ReturnDescriptorHeapToPool(
     D3D12Renderer *renderer,
     D3D12DescriptorHeap *heap)
 {
     D3D12DescriptorHeapPool *pool = &renderer->descriptorHeapPools[heap->heapType];

     heap->currentDescriptorIndex = 0;

     SDL_LockMutex(pool->lock);
     if (pool->count >= pool->capacity) {
         pool->capacity *= 2;
         pool->heaps = (D3D12DescriptorHeap **)SDL_realloc(
             pool->heaps,
             pool->capacity * sizeof(D3D12DescriptorHeap *));
     }

     pool->heaps[pool->count] = heap;
     pool->count += 1;
     SDL_UnlockMutex(pool->lock);
 }

 /*
  * The root signature lets us define "root parameters" which are essentially bind points for resources.
  * These let us define the register ranges as well as the register "space".
  * The register space is akin to the descriptor set index in Vulkan, which allows us to group resources
  * by stage so that the registers from the vertex and fragment shaders don't clobber each other.
  *
  * Most of our root parameters are implemented as "descriptor tables" so we can
  * copy and then point to contiguous descriptor regions.
  * Uniform buffers are the exception - these have to be implemented as raw "root descriptors" so
  * that we can dynamically update the address that the constant buffer view points to.
  *
  * The root signature has a maximum size of 64 DWORDs.
  * A descriptor table uses 1 DWORD.
  * A root descriptor uses 2 DWORDS.
  * This means our biggest root signature uses 24 DWORDs total, well under the limit.
  *
  * The root parameter indices are created dynamically and stored in the D3D12GraphicsRootSignature struct.
  */
 static D3D12GraphicsRootSignature *D3D12_INTERNAL_CreateGraphicsRootSignature(
     D3D12Renderer *renderer,
     D3D12Shader *vertexShader,
     D3D12Shader *fragmentShader)
 {
     // FIXME: I think the max can be smaller...
     D3D12_ROOT_PARAMETER rootParameters[MAX_ROOT_SIGNATURE_PARAMETERS];
     D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_RANGE descriptorRanges[MAX_ROOT_SIGNATURE_PARAMETERS];
     Uint32 parameterCount = 0;
     Uint32 rangeCount = 0;
     D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_RANGE descriptorRange;
     D3D12_ROOT_PARAMETER rootParameter;
     D3D12GraphicsRootSignature *d3d12GraphicsRootSignature =
         (D3D12GraphicsRootSignature *)SDL_calloc(1, sizeof(D3D12GraphicsRootSignature));
     if (!d3d12GraphicsRootSignature) {
         return NULL;
     }

     SDL_zeroa(rootParameters);
     SDL_zeroa(descriptorRanges);
     SDL_zero(rootParameter);

     d3d12GraphicsRootSignature->vertexSamplerRootIndex = -1;
     d3d12GraphicsRootSignature->vertexSamplerTextureRootIndex = -1;
     d3d12GraphicsRootSignature->vertexStorageTextureRootIndex = -1;
     d3d12GraphicsRootSignature->vertexStorageBufferRootIndex = -1;

     d3d12GraphicsRootSignature->fragmentSamplerRootIndex = -1;
     d3d12GraphicsRootSignature->fragmentSamplerTextureRootIndex = -1;
     d3d12GraphicsRootSignature->fragmentStorageTextureRootIndex = -1;
     d3d12GraphicsRootSignature->fragmentStorageBufferRootIndex = -1;

     for (Uint32 i = 0; i < MAX_UNIFORM_BUFFERS_PER_STAGE; i += 1) {
         d3d12GraphicsRootSignature->vertexUniformBufferRootIndex[i] = -1;
         d3d12GraphicsRootSignature->fragmentUniformBufferRootIndex[i] = -1;
     }

     if (vertexShader->samplerCount > 0) {
         // Vertex Samplers
         descriptorRange.RangeType = D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_RANGE_TYPE_SAMPLER;
         descriptorRange.NumDescriptors = vertexShader->samplerCount;
         descriptorRange.BaseShaderRegister = 0;
         descriptorRange.RegisterSpace = 0;
         descriptorRange.OffsetInDescriptorsFromTableStart = D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_RANGE_OFFSET_APPEND;
         descriptorRanges[rangeCount] = descriptorRange;

         rootParameter.ParameterType = D3D12_ROOT_PARAMETER_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_TABLE;
         rootParameter.DescriptorTable.NumDescriptorRanges = 1;
         rootParameter.DescriptorTable.pDescriptorRanges = &descriptorRanges[rangeCount];
         rootParameter.ShaderVisibility = D3D12_SHADER_VISIBILITY_VERTEX;
         rootParameters[parameterCount] = rootParameter;
         d3d12GraphicsRootSignature->vertexSamplerRootIndex = parameterCount;
         rangeCount += 1;
         parameterCount += 1;

         descriptorRange.RangeType = D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_RANGE_TYPE_SRV;
         descriptorRange.NumDescriptors = vertexShader->samplerCount;
         descriptorRange.BaseShaderRegister = 0;
         descriptorRange.RegisterSpace = 0;
         descriptorRange.OffsetInDescriptorsFromTableStart = D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_RANGE_OFFSET_APPEND;
         descriptorRanges[rangeCount] = descriptorRange;

         rootParameter.ParameterType = D3D12_ROOT_PARAMETER_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_TABLE;
         rootParameter.DescriptorTable.NumDescriptorRanges = 1;
         rootParameter.DescriptorTable.pDescriptorRanges = &descriptorRanges[rangeCount];
         rootParameter.ShaderVisibility = D3D12_SHADER_VISIBILITY_VERTEX;
         rootParameters[parameterCount] = rootParameter;
         d3d12GraphicsRootSignature->vertexSamplerTextureRootIndex = parameterCount;
         rangeCount += 1;
         parameterCount += 1;
     }

     if (vertexShader->storageTextureCount) {
         // Vertex storage textures
         descriptorRange.RangeType = D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_RANGE_TYPE_SRV;
         descriptorRange.NumDescriptors = vertexShader->storageTextureCount;
         descriptorRange.BaseShaderRegister = vertexShader->samplerCount;
         descriptorRange.RegisterSpace = 0;
         descriptorRange.OffsetInDescriptorsFromTableStart = D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_RANGE_OFFSET_APPEND;
         descriptorRanges[rangeCount] = descriptorRange;

         rootParameter.ParameterType = D3D12_ROOT_PARAMETER_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_TABLE;
         rootParameter.DescriptorTable.NumDescriptorRanges = 1;
         rootParameter.DescriptorTable.pDescriptorRanges = &descriptorRanges[rangeCount];
         rootParameter.ShaderVisibility = D3D12_SHADER_VISIBILITY_VERTEX;
         rootParameters[parameterCount] = rootParameter;
         d3d12GraphicsRootSignature->vertexStorageTextureRootIndex = parameterCount;
         rangeCount += 1;
         parameterCount += 1;
     }

     if (vertexShader->storageBufferCount) {

         // Vertex storage buffers
         descriptorRange.RangeType = D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_RANGE_TYPE_SRV;
         descriptorRange.NumDescriptors = vertexShader->storageBufferCount;
         descriptorRange.BaseShaderRegister = vertexShader->samplerCount + vertexShader->storageTextureCount;
         descriptorRange.RegisterSpace = 0;
         descriptorRange.OffsetInDescriptorsFromTableStart = D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_RANGE_OFFSET_APPEND;
         descriptorRanges[rangeCount] = descriptorRange;

         rootParameter.ParameterType = D3D12_ROOT_PARAMETER_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_TABLE;
         rootParameter.DescriptorTable.NumDescriptorRanges = 1;
         rootParameter.DescriptorTable.pDescriptorRanges = &descriptorRanges[rangeCount];
         rootParameter.ShaderVisibility = D3D12_SHADER_VISIBILITY_VERTEX;
         rootParameters[parameterCount] = rootParameter;
         d3d12GraphicsRootSignature->vertexStorageBufferRootIndex = parameterCount;
         rangeCount += 1;
         parameterCount += 1;
     }

     // Vertex Uniforms
     for (Uint32 i = 0; i < vertexShader->uniformBufferCount; i += 1) {
         rootParameter.ParameterType = D3D12_ROOT_PARAMETER_TYPE_CBV;
         rootParameter.Descriptor.ShaderRegister = i;
         rootParameter.Descriptor.RegisterSpace = 1;
         rootParameter.ShaderVisibility = D3D12_SHADER_VISIBILITY_VERTEX;
         rootParameters[parameterCount] = rootParameter;
         d3d12GraphicsRootSignature->vertexUniformBufferRootIndex[i] = parameterCount;
         parameterCount += 1;
     }

     if (fragmentShader->samplerCount) {
         // Fragment Samplers
         descriptorRange.RangeType = D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_RANGE_TYPE_SAMPLER;
         descriptorRange.NumDescriptors = fragmentShader->samplerCount;
         descriptorRange.BaseShaderRegister = 0;
         descriptorRange.RegisterSpace = 2;
         descriptorRange.OffsetInDescriptorsFromTableStart = D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_RANGE_OFFSET_APPEND;
         descriptorRanges[rangeCount] = descriptorRange;

         rootParameter.ParameterType = D3D12_ROOT_PARAMETER_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_TABLE;
         rootParameter.DescriptorTable.NumDescriptorRanges = 1;
         rootParameter.DescriptorTable.pDescriptorRanges = &descriptorRanges[rangeCount];
         rootParameter.ShaderVisibility = D3D12_SHADER_VISIBILITY_PIXEL;
         rootParameters[parameterCount] = rootParameter;
         d3d12GraphicsRootSignature->fragmentSamplerRootIndex = parameterCount;
         rangeCount += 1;
         parameterCount += 1;

         descriptorRange.RangeType = D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_RANGE_TYPE_SRV;
         descriptorRange.NumDescriptors = fragmentShader->samplerCount;
         descriptorRange.BaseShaderRegister = 0;
         descriptorRange.RegisterSpace = 2;
         descriptorRange.OffsetInDescriptorsFromTableStart = D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_RANGE_OFFSET_APPEND;
         descriptorRanges[rangeCount] = descriptorRange;

         rootParameter.ParameterType = D3D12_ROOT_PARAMETER_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_TABLE;
         rootParameter.DescriptorTable.NumDescriptorRanges = 1;
         rootParameter.DescriptorTable.pDescriptorRanges = &descriptorRanges[rangeCount];
         rootParameter.ShaderVisibility = D3D12_SHADER_VISIBILITY_PIXEL;
         rootParameters[parameterCount] = rootParameter;
         d3d12GraphicsRootSignature->fragmentSamplerTextureRootIndex = parameterCount;
         rangeCount += 1;
         parameterCount += 1;
     }

     if (fragmentShader->storageTextureCount) {
         // Fragment Storage Textures
         descriptorRange.RangeType = D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_RANGE_TYPE_SRV;
         descriptorRange.NumDescriptors = fragmentShader->storageTextureCount;
         descriptorRange.BaseShaderRegister = fragmentShader->samplerCount;
         descriptorRange.RegisterSpace = 2;
         descriptorRange.OffsetInDescriptorsFromTableStart = D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_RANGE_OFFSET_APPEND;
         descriptorRanges[rangeCount] = descriptorRange;

         rootParameter.ParameterType = D3D12_ROOT_PARAMETER_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_TABLE;
         rootParameter.DescriptorTable.NumDescriptorRanges = 1;
         rootParameter.DescriptorTable.pDescriptorRanges = &descriptorRanges[rangeCount];
         rootParameter.ShaderVisibility = D3D12_SHADER_VISIBILITY_PIXEL;
         rootParameters[parameterCount] = rootParameter;
         d3d12GraphicsRootSignature->fragmentStorageTextureRootIndex = parameterCount;
         rangeCount += 1;
         parameterCount += 1;
     }

     if (fragmentShader->storageBufferCount) {
         // Fragment Storage Buffers
         descriptorRange.RangeType = D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_RANGE_TYPE_SRV;
         descriptorRange.NumDescriptors = fragmentShader->storageBufferCount;
         descriptorRange.BaseShaderRegister = fragmentShader->samplerCount + fragmentShader->storageTextureCount;
         descriptorRange.RegisterSpace = 2;
         descriptorRange.OffsetInDescriptorsFromTableStart = D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_RANGE_OFFSET_APPEND;
         descriptorRanges[rangeCount] = descriptorRange;

         rootParameter.ParameterType = D3D12_ROOT_PARAMETER_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_TABLE;
         rootParameter.DescriptorTable.NumDescriptorRanges = 1;
         rootParameter.DescriptorTable.pDescriptorRanges = &descriptorRanges[rangeCount];
         rootParameter.ShaderVisibility = D3D12_SHADER_VISIBILITY_PIXEL;
         rootParameters[parameterCount] = rootParameter;
         d3d12GraphicsRootSignature->fragmentStorageBufferRootIndex = parameterCount;
         rangeCount += 1;
         parameterCount += 1;
     }

     // Fragment Uniforms
     for (Uint32 i = 0; i < fragmentShader->uniformBufferCount; i += 1) {
         rootParameter.ParameterType = D3D12_ROOT_PARAMETER_TYPE_CBV;
         rootParameter.Descriptor.ShaderRegister = i;
         rootParameter.Descriptor.RegisterSpace = 3;
         rootParameter.ShaderVisibility = D3D12_SHADER_VISIBILITY_PIXEL;
         rootParameters[parameterCount] = rootParameter;
         d3d12GraphicsRootSignature->fragmentUniformBufferRootIndex[i] = parameterCount;
         parameterCount += 1;
     }

     // FIXME: shouldn't have to assert here
     SDL_assert(parameterCount <= MAX_ROOT_SIGNATURE_PARAMETERS);
     SDL_assert(rangeCount <= MAX_ROOT_SIGNATURE_PARAMETERS);

     // Create the root signature description
     D3D12_ROOT_SIGNATURE_DESC rootSignatureDesc;
     rootSignatureDesc.NumParameters = parameterCount;
     rootSignatureDesc.pParameters = rootParameters;
     rootSignatureDesc.NumStaticSamplers = 0;
     rootSignatureDesc.pStaticSamplers = NULL;
     rootSignatureDesc.Flags = D3D12_ROOT_SIGNATURE_FLAG_ALLOW_INPUT_ASSEMBLER_INPUT_LAYOUT;

     // Serialize the root signature
     ID3DBlob *serializedRootSignature;
     ID3DBlob *errorBlob;
     HRESULT res = renderer->D3D12SerializeRootSignature_func(&rootSignatureDesc, D3D_ROOT_SIGNATURE_VERSION_1, &serializedRootSignature, &errorBlob);

     if (FAILED(res)) {
         if (errorBlob) {
             SDL_LogError(SDL_LOG_CATEGORY_GPU, "Failed to serialize RootSignature: %s", (const char *)ID3D10Blob_GetBufferPointer(errorBlob));
             ID3D10Blob_Release(errorBlob);
         }
         D3D12_INTERNAL_DestroyGraphicsRootSignature(d3d12GraphicsRootSignature);
         return NULL;
     }

     // Create the root signature
     ID3D12RootSignature *rootSignature;

     res = ID3D12Device_CreateRootSignature(
         renderer->device,
         0,
         ID3D10Blob_GetBufferPointer(serializedRootSignature),
         ID3D10Blob_GetBufferSize(serializedRootSignature),
         D3D_GUID(D3D_IID_ID3D12RootSignature),
         (void **)&rootSignature);

     if (FAILED(res)) {
         if (errorBlob) {
             SDL_LogError(SDL_LOG_CATEGORY_GPU, "Failed to create RootSignature");
             ID3D10Blob_Release(errorBlob);
         }
         D3D12_INTERNAL_DestroyGraphicsRootSignature(d3d12GraphicsRootSignature);
         return NULL;
     }

     d3d12GraphicsRootSignature->handle = rootSignature;
     return d3d12GraphicsRootSignature;
 }

 static bool D3D12_INTERNAL_CreateShaderBytecode(
     D3D12Renderer *renderer,
     Uint32 stage,
     SDL_GPUShaderFormat format,
     const Uint8 *code,
     size_t codeSize,
     const char *entryPointName,
     void **pBytecode,
     size_t *pBytecodeSize)
 {
     if (pBytecode != NULL) {
         *pBytecode = SDL_malloc(codeSize);
         if (!*pBytecode) {
             return false;
         }
         SDL_memcpy(*pBytecode, code, codeSize);
         *pBytecodeSize = codeSize;
     }

     return true;
 }

 static D3D12ComputeRootSignature *D3D12_INTERNAL_CreateComputeRootSignature(
     D3D12Renderer *renderer,
     SDL_GPUComputePipelineCreateInfo *createInfo)
 {
     // FIXME: I think the max can be smaller...
     D3D12_ROOT_PARAMETER rootParameters[MAX_ROOT_SIGNATURE_PARAMETERS];
     D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_RANGE descriptorRanges[MAX_ROOT_SIGNATURE_PARAMETERS];
     Uint32 parameterCount = 0;
     Uint32 rangeCount = 0;
     D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_RANGE descriptorRange;
     D3D12_ROOT_PARAMETER rootParameter;
     D3D12ComputeRootSignature *d3d12ComputeRootSignature =
         (D3D12ComputeRootSignature *)SDL_calloc(1, sizeof(D3D12ComputeRootSignature));
     if (!d3d12ComputeRootSignature) {
         return NULL;
     }

     SDL_zeroa(rootParameters);
     SDL_zeroa(descriptorRanges);
     SDL_zero(rootParameter);

     d3d12ComputeRootSignature->readOnlyStorageTextureRootIndex = -1;
     d3d12ComputeRootSignature->readOnlyStorageBufferRootIndex = -1;
     d3d12ComputeRootSignature->writeOnlyStorageTextureRootIndex = -1;
     d3d12ComputeRootSignature->writeOnlyStorageBufferRootIndex = -1;

     for (Uint32 i = 0; i < MAX_UNIFORM_BUFFERS_PER_STAGE; i += 1) {
         d3d12ComputeRootSignature->uniformBufferRootIndex[i] = -1;
     }

     if (createInfo->readOnlyStorageTextureCount) {
         descriptorRange.RangeType = D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_RANGE_TYPE_SRV;
         descriptorRange.NumDescriptors = createInfo->readOnlyStorageTextureCount;
         descriptorRange.BaseShaderRegister = 0;
         descriptorRange.RegisterSpace = 0;
         descriptorRange.OffsetInDescriptorsFromTableStart = D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_RANGE_OFFSET_APPEND;
         descriptorRanges[rangeCount] = descriptorRange;

         rootParameter.ParameterType = D3D12_ROOT_PARAMETER_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_TABLE;
         rootParameter.DescriptorTable.NumDescriptorRanges = 1;
         rootParameter.DescriptorTable.pDescriptorRanges = &descriptorRanges[rangeCount];
         rootParameter.ShaderVisibility = D3D12_SHADER_VISIBILITY_ALL; // ALL is used for compute
         rootParameters[parameterCount] = rootParameter;
         d3d12ComputeRootSignature->readOnlyStorageTextureRootIndex = parameterCount;
         rangeCount += 1;
         parameterCount += 1;
     }

     if (createInfo->readOnlyStorageBufferCount) {
         descriptorRange.RangeType = D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_RANGE_TYPE_SRV;
         descriptorRange.NumDescriptors = createInfo->readOnlyStorageBufferCount;
         descriptorRange.BaseShaderRegister = createInfo->readOnlyStorageTextureCount;
         descriptorRange.RegisterSpace = 0;
         descriptorRange.OffsetInDescriptorsFromTableStart = D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_RANGE_OFFSET_APPEND;
         descriptorRanges[rangeCount] = descriptorRange;

         rootParameter.ParameterType = D3D12_ROOT_PARAMETER_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_TABLE;
         rootParameter.DescriptorTable.NumDescriptorRanges = 1;
         rootParameter.DescriptorTable.pDescriptorRanges = &descriptorRanges[rangeCount];
         rootParameter.ShaderVisibility = D3D12_SHADER_VISIBILITY_ALL; // ALL is used for compute
         rootParameters[parameterCount] = rootParameter;
         d3d12ComputeRootSignature->readOnlyStorageBufferRootIndex = parameterCount;
         rangeCount += 1;
         parameterCount += 1;
     }

     if (createInfo->writeOnlyStorageTextureCount) {
         descriptorRange.RangeType = D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_RANGE_TYPE_UAV;
         descriptorRange.NumDescriptors = createInfo->writeOnlyStorageTextureCount;
         descriptorRange.BaseShaderRegister = 0;
         descriptorRange.RegisterSpace = 1;
         descriptorRange.OffsetInDescriptorsFromTableStart = D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_RANGE_OFFSET_APPEND;
         descriptorRanges[rangeCount] = descriptorRange;

         rootParameter.ParameterType = D3D12_ROOT_PARAMETER_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_TABLE;
         rootParameter.DescriptorTable.NumDescriptorRanges = 1;
         rootParameter.DescriptorTable.pDescriptorRanges = &descriptorRanges[rangeCount];
         rootParameter.ShaderVisibility = D3D12_SHADER_VISIBILITY_ALL; // ALL is used for compute
         rootParameters[parameterCount] = rootParameter;
         d3d12ComputeRootSignature->writeOnlyStorageTextureRootIndex = parameterCount;
         rangeCount += 1;
         parameterCount += 1;
     }

     if (createInfo->writeOnlyStorageBufferCount) {
         descriptorRange.RangeType = D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_RANGE_TYPE_UAV;
         descriptorRange.NumDescriptors = createInfo->writeOnlyStorageBufferCount;
         descriptorRange.BaseShaderRegister = createInfo->writeOnlyStorageTextureCount;
         descriptorRange.RegisterSpace = 1;
         descriptorRange.OffsetInDescriptorsFromTableStart = D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_RANGE_OFFSET_APPEND;
         descriptorRanges[rangeCount] = descriptorRange;

         rootParameter.ParameterType = D3D12_ROOT_PARAMETER_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_TABLE;
         rootParameter.DescriptorTable.NumDescriptorRanges = 1;
         rootParameter.DescriptorTable.pDescriptorRanges = &descriptorRanges[rangeCount];
         rootParameter.ShaderVisibility = D3D12_SHADER_VISIBILITY_ALL; // ALL is used for compute
         rootParameters[parameterCount] = rootParameter;
         d3d12ComputeRootSignature->writeOnlyStorageBufferRootIndex = parameterCount;
         rangeCount += 1;
         parameterCount += 1;
     }

     for (Uint32 i = 0; i < createInfo->uniformBufferCount; i += 1) {
         rootParameter.ParameterType = D3D12_ROOT_PARAMETER_TYPE_CBV;
         rootParameter.Descriptor.ShaderRegister = i;
         rootParameter.Descriptor.RegisterSpace = 2;
         rootParameter.ShaderVisibility = D3D12_SHADER_VISIBILITY_ALL; // ALL is used for compute
         rootParameters[parameterCount] = rootParameter;
         d3d12ComputeRootSignature->uniformBufferRootIndex[i] = parameterCount;
         parameterCount += 1;
     }

     D3D12_ROOT_SIGNATURE_DESC rootSignatureDesc;
     rootSignatureDesc.NumParameters = parameterCount;
     rootSignatureDesc.pParameters = rootParameters;
     rootSignatureDesc.NumStaticSamplers = 0;
     rootSignatureDesc.pStaticSamplers = NULL;
     rootSignatureDesc.Flags = (D3D12_ROOT_SIGNATURE_FLAGS)0;

     ID3DBlob *serializedRootSignature;
     ID3DBlob *errorBlob;
     HRESULT res = renderer->D3D12SerializeRootSignature_func(
         &rootSignatureDesc,
         D3D_ROOT_SIGNATURE_VERSION_1,
         &serializedRootSignature,
         &errorBlob);

     if (FAILED(res)) {
         if (errorBlob) {
             SDL_LogError(SDL_LOG_CATEGORY_GPU, "Failed to serialize RootSignature: %s", (const char *)ID3D10Blob_GetBufferPointer(errorBlob));
             ID3D10Blob_Release(errorBlob);
         }
         D3D12_INTERNAL_DestroyComputeRootSignature(d3d12ComputeRootSignature);
         return NULL;
     }

     ID3D12RootSignature *rootSignature;

     res = ID3D12Device_CreateRootSignature(
         renderer->device,
         0,
         ID3D10Blob_GetBufferPointer(serializedRootSignature),
         ID3D10Blob_GetBufferSize(serializedRootSignature),
         D3D_GUID(D3D_IID_ID3D12RootSignature),
         (void **)&rootSignature);

     if (FAILED(res)) {
         if (errorBlob) {
             SDL_LogError(SDL_LOG_CATEGORY_GPU, "Failed to create RootSignature");
             ID3D10Blob_Release(errorBlob);
         }
         D3D12_INTERNAL_DestroyComputeRootSignature(d3d12ComputeRootSignature);
         return NULL;
     }

     d3d12ComputeRootSignature->handle = rootSignature;
     return d3d12ComputeRootSignature;
 }

 static SDL_GPUComputePipeline *D3D12_CreateComputePipeline(
     SDL_GPURenderer *driverData,
     SDL_GPUComputePipelineCreateInfo *pipelineCreateInfo)
 {
     D3D12Renderer *renderer = (D3D12Renderer *)driverData;
     void *bytecode;
     size_t bytecodeSize;
     ID3D12PipelineState *pipelineState;

     if (!D3D12_INTERNAL_CreateShaderBytecode(
             renderer,
             SDL_GPU_SHADERSTAGE_COMPUTE,
             pipelineCreateInfo->format,
             pipelineCreateInfo->code,
             pipelineCreateInfo->codeSize,
             pipelineCreateInfo->entryPointName,
             &bytecode,
             &bytecodeSize)) {
         return NULL;
     }

     D3D12ComputeRootSignature *rootSignature = D3D12_INTERNAL_CreateComputeRootSignature(
         renderer,
         pipelineCreateInfo);

     if (rootSignature == NULL) {
         SDL_LogError(SDL_LOG_CATEGORY_GPU, "Could not create root signature!");
         SDL_free(bytecode);
         return NULL;
     }

     D3D12_COMPUTE_PIPELINE_STATE_DESC pipelineDesc;
     pipelineDesc.CS.pShaderBytecode = bytecode;
     pipelineDesc.CS.BytecodeLength = bytecodeSize;
     pipelineDesc.pRootSignature = rootSignature->handle;
     pipelineDesc.CachedPSO.CachedBlobSizeInBytes = 0;
     pipelineDesc.CachedPSO.pCachedBlob = NULL;
     pipelineDesc.Flags = D3D12_PIPELINE_STATE_FLAG_NONE;
     pipelineDesc.NodeMask = 0;

     HRESULT res = ID3D12Device_CreateComputePipelineState(
         renderer->device,
         &pipelineDesc,
         D3D_GUID(D3D_IID_ID3D12PipelineState),
         (void **)&pipelineState);

     if (FAILED(res)) {
         D3D12_INTERNAL_LogError(renderer->device, "Could not create compute pipeline state", res);
         SDL_free(bytecode);
         return NULL;
     }

     D3D12ComputePipeline *computePipeline =
         (D3D12ComputePipeline *)SDL_calloc(1, sizeof(D3D12ComputePipeline));

     if (!computePipeline) {
         ID3D12PipelineState_Release(pipelineState);
         SDL_free(bytecode);
         return NULL;
     }

     computePipeline->pipelineState = pipelineState;
     computePipeline->rootSignature = rootSignature;
     computePipeline->readOnlyStorageTextureCount = pipelineCreateInfo->readOnlyStorageTextureCount;
     computePipeline->readOnlyStorageBufferCount = pipelineCreateInfo->readOnlyStorageBufferCount;
     computePipeline->writeOnlyStorageTextureCount = pipelineCreateInfo->writeOnlyStorageTextureCount;
     computePipeline->writeOnlyStorageBufferCount = pipelineCreateInfo->writeOnlyStorageBufferCount;
     computePipeline->uniformBufferCount = pipelineCreateInfo->uniformBufferCount;
     SDL_AtomicSet(&computePipeline->referenceCount, 0);

     return (SDL_GPUComputePipeline *)computePipeline;
 }

 static bool D3D12_INTERNAL_ConvertRasterizerState(SDL_GPURasterizerState rasterizerState, D3D12_RASTERIZER_DESC *desc)
 {
     if (!desc) {
         return false;
     }

     desc->FillMode = SDLToD3D12_FillMode[rasterizerState.fillMode];
     desc->CullMode = SDLToD3D12_CullMode[rasterizerState.cullMode];

     switch (rasterizerState.frontFace) {
     case SDL_GPU_FRONTFACE_COUNTER_CLOCKWISE:
         desc->FrontCounterClockwise = TRUE;
         break;
     case SDL_GPU_FRONTFACE_CLOCKWISE:
         desc->FrontCounterClockwise = FALSE;
         break;
     default:
         return false;
     }

     if (rasterizerState.depthBiasEnable) {
         desc->DepthBias = SDL_lroundf(rasterizerState.depthBiasConstantFactor);
         desc->DepthBiasClamp = rasterizerState.depthBiasClamp;
         desc->SlopeScaledDepthBias = rasterizerState.depthBiasSlopeFactor;
     } else {
         desc->DepthBias = 0;
         desc->DepthBiasClamp = 0.0f;
         desc->SlopeScaledDepthBias = 0.0f;
     }

     desc->DepthClipEnable = TRUE;
     desc->MultisampleEnable = FALSE;
     desc->AntialiasedLineEnable = FALSE;
     desc->ForcedSampleCount = 0;
     desc->ConservativeRaster = D3D12_CONSERVATIVE_RASTERIZATION_MODE_OFF;

     return true;
 }

 static bool D3D12_INTERNAL_ConvertBlendState(SDL_GPUGraphicsPipelineCreateInfo *pipelineInfo, D3D12_BLEND_DESC *blendDesc)
 {
     if (!blendDesc) {
         return false;
     }

     SDL_zerop(blendDesc);
     blendDesc->AlphaToCoverageEnable = FALSE;
     blendDesc->IndependentBlendEnable = FALSE;

     for (UINT i = 0; i < MAX_COLOR_TARGET_BINDINGS; i += 1) {
         D3D12_RENDER_TARGET_BLEND_DESC rtBlendDesc;
         rtBlendDesc.BlendEnable = FALSE;
         rtBlendDesc.LogicOpEnable = FALSE;
         rtBlendDesc.SrcBlend = D3D12_BLEND_ONE;
         rtBlendDesc.DestBlend = D3D12_BLEND_ZERO;
         rtBlendDesc.BlendOp = D3D12_BLEND_OP_ADD;
         rtBlendDesc.SrcBlendAlpha = D3D12_BLEND_ONE;
         rtBlendDesc.DestBlendAlpha = D3D12_BLEND_ZERO;
         rtBlendDesc.BlendOpAlpha = D3D12_BLEND_OP_ADD;
         rtBlendDesc.LogicOp = D3D12_LOGIC_OP_NOOP;
         rtBlendDesc.RenderTargetWriteMask = D3D12_COLOR_WRITE_ENABLE_ALL;

         // If attachmentInfo has more blend states, you can set IndependentBlendEnable to TRUE and assign different blend states to each render target slot
         if (i < pipelineInfo->attachmentInfo.colorAttachmentCount) {

             SDL_GPUColorAttachmentBlendState sdlBlendState = pipelineInfo->attachmentInfo.colorAttachmentDescriptions[i].blendState;

             rtBlendDesc.BlendEnable = sdlBlendState.blendEnable;
             rtBlendDesc.SrcBlend = SDLToD3D12_BlendFactor[sdlBlendState.srcColorBlendFactor];
             rtBlendDesc.DestBlend = SDLToD3D12_BlendFactor[sdlBlendState.dstColorBlendFactor];
             rtBlendDesc.BlendOp = SDLToD3D12_BlendOp[sdlBlendState.colorBlendOp];
             rtBlendDesc.SrcBlendAlpha = SDLToD3D12_BlendFactorAlpha[sdlBlendState.srcAlphaBlendFactor];
             rtBlendDesc.DestBlendAlpha = SDLToD3D12_BlendFactorAlpha[sdlBlendState.dstAlphaBlendFactor];
             rtBlendDesc.BlendOpAlpha = SDLToD3D12_BlendOp[sdlBlendState.alphaBlendOp];
             rtBlendDesc.RenderTargetWriteMask = sdlBlendState.colorWriteMask;

             if (i > 0) {
                 blendDesc->IndependentBlendEnable = TRUE;
             }
         }

         blendDesc->RenderTarget[i] = rtBlendDesc;
     }

     return true;
 }

 static bool D3D12_INTERNAL_ConvertDepthStencilState(SDL_GPUDepthStencilState depthStencilState, D3D12_DEPTH_STENCIL_DESC *desc)
 {
     if (desc == NULL) {
         return false;
     }

     desc->DepthEnable = depthStencilState.depthTestEnable == true ? TRUE : FALSE;
     desc->DepthWriteMask = depthStencilState.depthWriteEnable == true ? D3D12_DEPTH_WRITE_MASK_ALL : D3D12_DEPTH_WRITE_MASK_ZERO;
     desc->DepthFunc = SDLToD3D12_CompareOp[depthStencilState.compareOp];
     desc->StencilEnable = depthStencilState.stencilTestEnable == true ? TRUE : FALSE;
     desc->StencilReadMask = depthStencilState.compareMask;
     desc->StencilWriteMask = depthStencilState.writeMask;

     desc->FrontFace.StencilFailOp = SDLToD3D12_StencilOp[depthStencilState.frontStencilState.failOp];
     desc->FrontFace.StencilDepthFailOp = SDLToD3D12_StencilOp[depthStencilState.frontStencilState.depthFailOp];
     desc->FrontFace.StencilPassOp = SDLToD3D12_StencilOp[depthStencilState.frontStencilState.passOp];
     desc->FrontFace.StencilFunc = SDLToD3D12_CompareOp[depthStencilState.frontStencilState.compareOp];

     desc->BackFace.StencilFailOp = SDLToD3D12_StencilOp[depthStencilState.backStencilState.failOp];
     desc->BackFace.StencilDepthFailOp = SDLToD3D12_StencilOp[depthStencilState.backStencilState.depthFailOp];
     desc->BackFace.StencilPassOp = SDLToD3D12_StencilOp[depthStencilState.backStencilState.passOp];
     desc->BackFace.StencilFunc = SDLToD3D12_CompareOp[depthStencilState.backStencilState.compareOp];

     return true;
 }

 static bool D3D12_INTERNAL_ConvertVertexInputState(SDL_GPUVertexInputState vertexInputState, D3D12_INPUT_ELEMENT_DESC *desc, const char *semantic)
 {
     if (desc == NULL || vertexInputState.vertexAttributeCount == 0) {
         return false;
     }

     for (Uint32 i = 0; i < vertexInputState.vertexAttributeCount; i += 1) {
         SDL_GPUVertexAttribute attribute = vertexInputState.vertexAttributes[i];

         desc[i].SemanticName = semantic;
         desc[i].SemanticIndex = attribute.location;
         desc[i].Format = SDLToD3D12_VertexFormat[attribute.format];
         desc[i].InputSlot = attribute.binding;
         desc[i].AlignedByteOffset = attribute.offset;
         desc[i].InputSlotClass = SDLToD3D12_InputRate[vertexInputState.vertexBindings[attribute.binding].inputRate];
         desc[i].InstanceDataStepRate = (vertexInputState.vertexBindings[attribute.binding].inputRate == SDL_GPU_VERTEXINPUTRATE_INSTANCE) ? vertexInputState.vertexBindings[attribute.binding].instanceStepRate : 0;
     }

     return true;
 }

 static void D3D12_INTERNAL_AssignCpuDescriptorHandle(
     D3D12Renderer *renderer,
     D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_HEAP_TYPE heapType,
     D3D12CPUDescriptor *cpuDescriptor)
 {
     D3D12DescriptorHeap *heap = renderer->stagingDescriptorHeaps[heapType];
     Uint32 descriptorIndex;

     cpuDescriptor->heap = heap;

     SDL_LockMutex(renderer->stagingDescriptorHeapLock);

     if (heap->inactiveDescriptorCount > 0) {
         descriptorIndex = heap->inactiveDescriptorIndices[heap->inactiveDescriptorCount - 1];
         heap->inactiveDescriptorCount -= 1;
     } else if (heap->currentDescriptorIndex < heap->maxDescriptors) {
         descriptorIndex = heap->currentDescriptorIndex;
         heap->currentDescriptorIndex += 1;
     } else {
         cpuDescriptor->cpuHandleIndex = SDL_MAX_UINT32;
         cpuDescriptor->cpuHandle.ptr = 0;
         SDL_LogError(SDL_LOG_CATEGORY_GPU, "Out of CPU descriptor handles, many bad things are going to happen!");
         SDL_UnlockMutex(renderer->stagingDescriptorHeapLock);
         return;
     }

     SDL_UnlockMutex(renderer->stagingDescriptorHeapLock);

     cpuDescriptor->cpuHandleIndex = descriptorIndex;
     cpuDescriptor->cpuHandle.ptr = heap->descriptorHeapCPUStart.ptr + (descriptorIndex * heap->descriptorSize);
 }

 static SDL_GPUGraphicsPipeline *D3D12_CreateGraphicsPipeline(
     SDL_GPURenderer *driverData,
     SDL_GPUGraphicsPipelineCreateInfo *pipelineCreateInfo)
 {
     D3D12Renderer *renderer = (D3D12Renderer *)driverData;
     D3D12Shader *vertShader = (D3D12Shader *)pipelineCreateInfo->vertexShader;
     D3D12Shader *fragShader = (D3D12Shader *)pipelineCreateInfo->fragmentShader;

     D3D12_GRAPHICS_PIPELINE_STATE_DESC psoDesc;
     SDL_zero(psoDesc);
     psoDesc.VS.pShaderBytecode = vertShader->bytecode;
     psoDesc.VS.BytecodeLength = vertShader->bytecodeSize;
     psoDesc.PS.pShaderBytecode = fragShader->bytecode;
     psoDesc.PS.BytecodeLength = fragShader->bytecodeSize;

     D3D12_INPUT_ELEMENT_DESC inputElementDescs[D3D12_IA_VERTEX_INPUT_STRUCTURE_ELEMENT_COUNT];
     if (pipelineCreateInfo->vertexInputState.vertexAttributeCount > 0) {
         psoDesc.InputLayout.pInputElementDescs = inputElementDescs;
         psoDesc.InputLayout.NumElements = pipelineCreateInfo->vertexInputState.vertexAttributeCount;
         D3D12_INTERNAL_ConvertVertexInputState(pipelineCreateInfo->vertexInputState, inputElementDescs, renderer->semantic);
     }

     psoDesc.PrimitiveTopologyType = D3D12_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TYPE_TRIANGLE;

     if (!D3D12_INTERNAL_ConvertRasterizerState(pipelineCreateInfo->rasterizerState, &psoDesc.RasterizerState)) {
         return NULL;
     }
     if (!D3D12_INTERNAL_ConvertBlendState(pipelineCreateInfo, &psoDesc.BlendState)) {
         return NULL;
     }
     if (!D3D12_INTERNAL_ConvertDepthStencilState(pipelineCreateInfo->depthStencilState, &psoDesc.DepthStencilState)) {
         return NULL;
     }

     D3D12GraphicsPipeline *pipeline = (D3D12GraphicsPipeline *)SDL_calloc(1, sizeof(D3D12GraphicsPipeline));
     if (!pipeline) {
         return NULL;
     }

     psoDesc.SampleMask = UINT_MAX;
     psoDesc.SampleDesc.Count = SDLToD3D12_SampleCount[pipelineCreateInfo->multisampleState.sampleCount];
     psoDesc.SampleDesc.Quality = 0;

     psoDesc.DSVFormat = SDLToD3D12_TextureFormat[pipelineCreateInfo->attachmentInfo.depthStencilFormat];
     psoDesc.NumRenderTargets = pipelineCreateInfo->attachmentInfo.colorAttachmentCount;
     for (uint32_t i = 0; i < pipelineCreateInfo->attachmentInfo.colorAttachmentCount; i += 1) {
         psoDesc.RTVFormats[i] = SDLToD3D12_TextureFormat[pipelineCreateInfo->attachmentInfo.colorAttachmentDescriptions[i].format];
     }

     // Assuming some default values or further initialization
     psoDesc.Flags = D3D12_PIPELINE_STATE_FLAG_NONE;
     psoDesc.CachedPSO.CachedBlobSizeInBytes = 0;
     psoDesc.CachedPSO.pCachedBlob = NULL;

     psoDesc.NodeMask = 0;

     D3D12GraphicsRootSignature *rootSignature = D3D12_INTERNAL_CreateGraphicsRootSignature(
         renderer,
         vertShader,
         fragShader);

     if (rootSignature == NULL) {
         SDL_LogError(SDL_LOG_CATEGORY_GPU, "Could not create root signature!");
         D3D12_INTERNAL_DestroyGraphicsPipeline(pipeline);
         return NULL;
     }
     pipeline->rootSignature = rootSignature;

     psoDesc.pRootSignature = rootSignature->handle;
     ID3D12PipelineState *pipelineState;

     HRESULT res = ID3D12Device_CreateGraphicsPipelineState(
         renderer->device,
         &psoDesc,
         D3D_GUID(D3D_IID_ID3D12PipelineState),
         (void **)&pipelineState);
     if (FAILED(res)) {
         D3D12_INTERNAL_LogError(renderer->device, "Could not create graphics pipeline state", res);
         D3D12_INTERNAL_DestroyGraphicsPipeline(pipeline);
         return NULL;
     }

     pipeline->pipelineState = pipelineState;

     for (Uint32 i = 0; i < pipelineCreateInfo->vertexInputState.vertexBindingCount; i += 1) {
         pipeline->vertexStrides[i] = pipelineCreateInfo->vertexInputState.vertexBindings[i].stride;
     }

     pipeline->primitiveType = pipelineCreateInfo->primitiveType;
     pipeline->blendConstants[0] = pipelineCreateInfo->blendConstants[0];
     pipeline->blendConstants[1] = pipelineCreateInfo->blendConstants[1];
     pipeline->blendConstants[2] = pipelineCreateInfo->blendConstants[2];
     pipeline->blendConstants[3] = pipelineCreateInfo->blendConstants[3];
     pipeline->stencilRef = pipelineCreateInfo->depthStencilState.reference;

     pipeline->vertexSamplerCount = vertShader->samplerCount;
     pipeline->vertexStorageTextureCount = vertShader->storageTextureCount;
     pipeline->vertexStorageBufferCount = vertShader->storageBufferCount;
     pipeline->vertexUniformBufferCount = vertShader->uniformBufferCount;

     pipeline->fragmentSamplerCount = fragShader->samplerCount;
     pipeline->fragmentStorageTextureCount = fragShader->storageTextureCount;
     pipeline->fragmentStorageBufferCount = fragShader->storageBufferCount;
     pipeline->fragmentUniformBufferCount = fragShader->uniformBufferCount;

     SDL_AtomicSet(&pipeline->referenceCount, 0);
     return (SDL_GPUGraphicsPipeline *)pipeline;
 }

 static SDL_GPUSampler *D3D12_CreateSampler(
     SDL_GPURenderer *driverData,
     SDL_GPUSamplerCreateInfo *samplerCreateInfo)
 {
     D3D12Renderer *renderer = (D3D12Renderer *)driverData;
     D3D12Sampler *sampler = (D3D12Sampler *)SDL_calloc(1, sizeof(D3D12Sampler));
     if (!sampler) {
         return NULL;
     }
     D3D12_SAMPLER_DESC samplerDesc;

     samplerDesc.Filter = SDLToD3D12_Filter(
         samplerCreateInfo->minFilter,
         samplerCreateInfo->magFilter,
         samplerCreateInfo->mipmapMode,
         samplerCreateInfo->compareEnable,
         samplerCreateInfo->anisotropyEnable);
     samplerDesc.AddressU = SDLToD3D12_SamplerAddressMode[samplerCreateInfo->addressModeU];
     samplerDesc.AddressV = SDLToD3D12_SamplerAddressMode[samplerCreateInfo->addressModeV];
     samplerDesc.AddressW = SDLToD3D12_SamplerAddressMode[samplerCreateInfo->addressModeW];
     samplerDesc.MaxAnisotropy = (Uint32)samplerCreateInfo->maxAnisotropy;
     samplerDesc.ComparisonFunc = SDLToD3D12_CompareOp[samplerCreateInfo->compareOp];
     samplerDesc.MinLOD = samplerCreateInfo->minLod;
     samplerDesc.MaxLOD = samplerCreateInfo->maxLod;
     samplerDesc.MipLODBias = samplerCreateInfo->mipLodBias;
     samplerDesc.BorderColor[0] = 0;
     samplerDesc.BorderColor[1] = 0;
     samplerDesc.BorderColor[2] = 0;
     samplerDesc.BorderColor[3] = 0;

     D3D12_INTERNAL_AssignCpuDescriptorHandle(
         renderer,
         D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_HEAP_TYPE_SAMPLER,
         &sampler->handle);

     ID3D12Device_CreateSampler(
         renderer->device,
         &samplerDesc,
         sampler->handle.cpuHandle);

     sampler->createInfo = *samplerCreateInfo;
     SDL_AtomicSet(&sampler->referenceCount, 0);
     return (SDL_GPUSampler *)sampler;
 }

 static SDL_GPUShader *D3D12_CreateShader(
     SDL_GPURenderer *driverData,
     SDL_GPUShaderCreateInfo *shaderCreateInfo)
 {
     D3D12Renderer *renderer = (D3D12Renderer *)driverData;
     void *bytecode;
     size_t bytecodeSize;
     D3D12Shader *shader;

     if (!D3D12_INTERNAL_CreateShaderBytecode(
             renderer,
             shaderCreateInfo->stage,
             shaderCreateInfo->format,
             shaderCreateInfo->code,
             shaderCreateInfo->codeSize,
             shaderCreateInfo->entryPointName,
             &bytecode,
             &bytecodeSize)) {
         return NULL;
     }
     shader = (D3D12Shader *)SDL_calloc(1, sizeof(D3D12Shader));
     if (!shader) {
         SDL_free(bytecode);
         return NULL;
     }
     shader->samplerCount = shaderCreateInfo->samplerCount;
     shader->storageBufferCount = shaderCreateInfo->storageBufferCount;
     shader->storageTextureCount = shaderCreateInfo->storageTextureCount;
     shader->uniformBufferCount = shaderCreateInfo->uniformBufferCount;

     shader->bytecode = bytecode;
     shader->bytecodeSize = bytecodeSize;

     return (SDL_GPUShader *)shader;
 }

 static D3D12Texture *D3D12_INTERNAL_CreateTexture(
     D3D12Renderer *renderer,
     SDL_GPUTextureCreateInfo *textureCreateInfo,
     bool isSwapchainTexture)
 {
     D3D12Texture *texture;
     ID3D12Resource *handle;
     D3D12_HEAP_PROPERTIES heapProperties;
     D3D12_HEAP_FLAGS heapFlags = (D3D12_HEAP_FLAGS)0;
     D3D12_RESOURCE_DESC desc;
     D3D12_RESOURCE_FLAGS resourceFlags = (D3D12_RESOURCE_FLAGS)0;
     D3D12_RESOURCE_STATES initialState = (D3D12_RESOURCE_STATES)0;
     D3D12_CLEAR_VALUE clearValue;
     bool useClearValue = false;
     HRESULT res;

     texture = (D3D12Texture *)SDL_calloc(1, sizeof(D3D12Texture));
     if (!texture) {
         return NULL;
     }

     Uint32 layerCount = textureCreateInfo->type == SDL_GPU_TEXTURETYPE_3D ? 1 : textureCreateInfo->layerCountOrDepth;
     Uint32 depth = textureCreateInfo->type == SDL_GPU_TEXTURETYPE_3D ? textureCreateInfo->layerCountOrDepth : 1;

     if (textureCreateInfo->usageFlags & SDL_GPU_TEXTUREUSAGE_COLOR_TARGET_BIT) {
         resourceFlags |= D3D12_RESOURCE_FLAG_ALLOW_RENDER_TARGET;
         useClearValue = true;
         clearValue.Color[0] = SDL_GetFloatProperty(textureCreateInfo->props, SDL_PROP_GPU_CREATETEXTURE_D3D12_CLEAR_R_FLOAT, 0);
         clearValue.Color[1] = SDL_GetFloatProperty(textureCreateInfo->props, SDL_PROP_GPU_CREATETEXTURE_D3D12_CLEAR_G_FLOAT, 0);
         clearValue.Color[2] = SDL_GetFloatProperty(textureCreateInfo->props, SDL_PROP_GPU_CREATETEXTURE_D3D12_CLEAR_B_FLOAT, 0);
         clearValue.Color[3] = SDL_GetFloatProperty(textureCreateInfo->props, SDL_PROP_GPU_CREATETEXTURE_D3D12_CLEAR_A_FLOAT, 0);
     }

     if (textureCreateInfo->usageFlags & SDL_GPU_TEXTUREUSAGE_DEPTH_STENCIL_TARGET_BIT) {
         resourceFlags |= D3D12_RESOURCE_FLAG_ALLOW_DEPTH_STENCIL;
         useClearValue = true;
         clearValue.DepthStencil.Depth = SDL_GetFloatProperty(textureCreateInfo->props, SDL_PROP_GPU_CREATETEXTURE_D3D12_CLEAR_DEPTH_FLOAT, 0);
         clearValue.DepthStencil.Stencil = (UINT8)SDL_GetNumberProperty(textureCreateInfo->props, SDL_PROP_GPU_CREATETEXTURE_D3D12_CLEAR_STENCIL_UINT8, 0);
     }

     if (textureCreateInfo->usageFlags & SDL_GPU_TEXTUREUSAGE_COMPUTE_STORAGE_WRITE_BIT) {
         resourceFlags |= D3D12_RESOURCE_FLAG_ALLOW_UNORDERED_ACCESS;
     }

     heapProperties.Type = D3D12_HEAP_TYPE_DEFAULT;
     heapProperties.CPUPageProperty = D3D12_CPU_PAGE_PROPERTY_UNKNOWN;
     heapProperties.MemoryPoolPreference = D3D12_MEMORY_POOL_UNKNOWN;
     heapProperties.CreationNodeMask = 0; // We don't do multi-adapter operation
     heapProperties.VisibleNodeMask = 0;  // We don't do multi-adapter operation

     heapFlags = isSwapchainTexture ? D3D12_HEAP_FLAG_ALLOW_DISPLAY : D3D12_HEAP_FLAG_NONE;

     if (textureCreateInfo->type != SDL_GPU_TEXTURETYPE_3D) {
         desc.Dimension = D3D12_RESOURCE_DIMENSION_TEXTURE2D;
         desc.Alignment = isSwapchainTexture ? 0 : D3D12_DEFAULT_RESOURCE_PLACEMENT_ALIGNMENT;
         desc.Width = textureCreateInfo->width;
         desc.Height = textureCreateInfo->height;
         desc.DepthOrArraySize = textureCreateInfo->layerCountOrDepth;
         desc.MipLevels = textureCreateInfo->levelCount;
         desc.Format = SDLToD3D12_TextureFormat[textureCreateInfo->format];
         desc.SampleDesc.Count = 1;
         desc.SampleDesc.Quality = 0;
         desc.Layout = D3D12_TEXTURE_LAYOUT_UNKNOWN; // Apparently this is the most efficient choice
         desc.Flags = resourceFlags;
     } else {
         desc.Dimension = D3D12_RESOURCE_DIMENSION_TEXTURE3D;
         desc.Alignment = D3D12_DEFAULT_RESOURCE_PLACEMENT_ALIGNMENT;
         desc.Width = textureCreateInfo->width;
         desc.Height = textureCreateInfo->height;
         desc.DepthOrArraySize = textureCreateInfo->layerCountOrDepth;
         desc.MipLevels = textureCreateInfo->levelCount;
         desc.Format = SDLToD3D12_TextureFormat[textureCreateInfo->format];
         desc.SampleDesc.Count = 1;
         desc.SampleDesc.Quality = 0;
         desc.Layout = D3D12_TEXTURE_LAYOUT_UNKNOWN;
         desc.Flags = resourceFlags;
     }

     initialState = isSwapchainTexture ? D3D12_RESOURCE_STATE_PRESENT : D3D12_INTERNAL_DefaultTextureResourceState(textureCreateInfo->usageFlags);
     clearValue.Format = desc.Format;

     res = ID3D12Device_CreateCommittedResource(
         renderer->device,
         &heapProperties,
         heapFlags,
         &desc,
         initialState,
         useClearValue ? &clearValue : NULL,
         D3D_GUID(D3D_IID_ID3D12Resource),
         (void **)&handle);
     if (FAILED(res)) {
         D3D12_INTERNAL_LogError(renderer->device, "Failed to create texture!", res);
         D3D12_INTERNAL_DestroyTexture(renderer, texture);
         return NULL;
     }

     texture->resource = handle;

     // Create the SRV if applicable
     if ((textureCreateInfo->usageFlags & SDL_GPU_TEXTUREUSAGE_SAMPLER_BIT) ||
         (textureCreateInfo->usageFlags & SDL_GPU_TEXTUREUSAGE_GRAPHICS_STORAGE_READ_BIT) ||
         (textureCreateInfo->usageFlags & SDL_GPU_TEXTUREUSAGE_COMPUTE_STORAGE_READ_BIT)) {
         D3D12_SHADER_RESOURCE_VIEW_DESC srvDesc;

         D3D12_INTERNAL_AssignCpuDescriptorHandle(
             renderer,
             D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_HEAP_TYPE_CBV_SRV_UAV,
             &texture->srvHandle);

         srvDesc.Format = SDLToD3D12_TextureFormat[textureCreateInfo->format];
         srvDesc.Shader4ComponentMapping = D3D12_DEFAULT_SHADER_4_COMPONENT_MAPPING;

         if (textureCreateInfo->type == SDL_GPU_TEXTURETYPE_CUBE) {
             srvDesc.ViewDimension = D3D12_SRV_DIMENSION_TEXTURECUBE;
             srvDesc.TextureCube.MipLevels = textureCreateInfo->levelCount;
             srvDesc.TextureCube.MostDetailedMip = 0;
             srvDesc.TextureCube.ResourceMinLODClamp = 0;
         } else if (textureCreateInfo->type == SDL_GPU_TEXTURETYPE_2D_ARRAY) {
             srvDesc.ViewDimension = D3D12_SRV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE2DARRAY;
             srvDesc.Texture2DArray.MipLevels = textureCreateInfo->levelCount;
             srvDesc.Texture2DArray.MostDetailedMip = 0;
             srvDesc.Texture2DArray.FirstArraySlice = 0;
             srvDesc.Texture2DArray.ArraySize = layerCount;
             srvDesc.Texture2DArray.ResourceMinLODClamp = 0;
             srvDesc.Texture2DArray.PlaneSlice = 0;
         } else if (textureCreateInfo->type == SDL_GPU_TEXTURETYPE_3D) {
             srvDesc.ViewDimension = D3D12_SRV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE3D;
             srvDesc.Texture3D.MipLevels = textureCreateInfo->levelCount;
             srvDesc.Texture3D.MostDetailedMip = 0;
             srvDesc.Texture3D.ResourceMinLODClamp = 0; // default behavior
         } else {
             srvDesc.ViewDimension = D3D12_SRV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE2D;
             srvDesc.Texture2D.MipLevels = textureCreateInfo->levelCount;
             srvDesc.Texture2D.MostDetailedMip = 0;
             srvDesc.Texture2D.PlaneSlice = 0;
             srvDesc.Texture2D.ResourceMinLODClamp = 0; // default behavior
         }

         ID3D12Device_CreateShaderResourceView(
             renderer->device,
             handle,
             &srvDesc,
             texture->srvHandle.cpuHandle);
     }

     SDL_AtomicSet(&texture->referenceCount, 0);

     texture->subresourceCount = textureCreateInfo->levelCount * layerCount;
     texture->subresources = (D3D12TextureSubresource *)SDL_calloc(
         texture->subresourceCount, sizeof(D3D12TextureSubresource));
     if (!texture->subresources) {
         D3D12_INTERNAL_DestroyTexture(renderer, texture);
         return NULL;
     }
     for (Uint32 layerIndex = 0; layerIndex < layerCount; layerIndex += 1) {
         for (Uint32 levelIndex = 0; levelIndex < textureCreateInfo->levelCount; levelIndex += 1) {
             Uint32 subresourceIndex = D3D12_INTERNAL_CalcSubresource(
                 levelIndex,
                 layerIndex,
                 textureCreateInfo->levelCount);

             texture->subresources[subresourceIndex].parent = texture;
             texture->subresources[subresourceIndex].layer = layerIndex;
             texture->subresources[subresourceIndex].level = levelIndex;
             texture->subresources[subresourceIndex].depth = depth;
             texture->subresources[subresourceIndex].index = subresourceIndex;

             texture->subresources[subresourceIndex].rtvHandles = NULL;
             texture->subresources[subresourceIndex].uavHandle.heap = NULL;
             texture->subresources[subresourceIndex].dsvHandle.heap = NULL;

             // Create RTV if needed
             if (textureCreateInfo->usageFlags & SDL_GPU_TEXTUREUSAGE_COLOR_TARGET_BIT) {
                 texture->subresources[subresourceIndex].rtvHandles = (D3D12CPUDescriptor *)SDL_calloc(depth, sizeof(D3D12CPUDescriptor));

                 for (Uint32 depthIndex = 0; depthIndex < depth; depthIndex += 1) {
                     D3D12_RENDER_TARGET_VIEW_DESC rtvDesc;

                     D3D12_INTERNAL_AssignCpuDescriptorHandle(
                         renderer,
                         D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_HEAP_TYPE_RTV,
                         &texture->subresources[subresourceIndex].rtvHandles[depthIndex]);

                     rtvDesc.Format = SDLToD3D12_TextureFormat[textureCreateInfo->format];

                     if (textureCreateInfo->type == SDL_GPU_TEXTURETYPE_2D_ARRAY || textureCreateInfo->type == SDL_GPU_TEXTURETYPE_CUBE) {
                         rtvDesc.ViewDimension = D3D12_RTV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE2DARRAY;
                         rtvDesc.Texture2DArray.MipSlice = levelIndex;
                         rtvDesc.Texture2DArray.FirstArraySlice = layerIndex;
                         rtvDesc.Texture2DArray.ArraySize = 1;
                         rtvDesc.Texture2DArray.PlaneSlice = 0;
                     } else if (textureCreateInfo->type == SDL_GPU_TEXTURETYPE_3D) {
                         rtvDesc.ViewDimension = D3D12_RTV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE3D;
                         rtvDesc.Texture3D.MipSlice = levelIndex;
                         rtvDesc.Texture3D.FirstWSlice = depthIndex;
                         rtvDesc.Texture3D.WSize = 1;
                     } else {
                         rtvDesc.ViewDimension = D3D12_RTV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE2D;
                         rtvDesc.Texture2D.MipSlice = levelIndex;
                         rtvDesc.Texture2D.PlaneSlice = 0;
                     }

                     ID3D12Device_CreateRenderTargetView(
                         renderer->device,
                         texture->resource,
                         &rtvDesc,
                         texture->subresources[subresourceIndex].rtvHandles[depthIndex].cpuHandle);
                 }
             }

             // Create DSV if needed
             if (textureCreateInfo->usageFlags & SDL_GPU_TEXTUREUSAGE_DEPTH_STENCIL_TARGET_BIT) {
                 D3D12_DEPTH_STENCIL_VIEW_DESC dsvDesc;

                 D3D12_INTERNAL_AssignCpuDescriptorHandle(
                     renderer,
                     D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_HEAP_TYPE_DSV,
                     &texture->subresources[subresourceIndex].dsvHandle);

                 dsvDesc.Format = SDLToD3D12_TextureFormat[textureCreateInfo->format];
                 dsvDesc.Flags = (D3D12_DSV_FLAGS)0;
                 dsvDesc.ViewDimension = D3D12_DSV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE2D;
                 dsvDesc.Texture2D.MipSlice = levelIndex;

                 ID3D12Device_CreateDepthStencilView(
                     renderer->device,
                     texture->resource,
                     &dsvDesc,
                     texture->subresources[subresourceIndex].dsvHandle.cpuHandle);
             }

             // Create subresource UAV if necessary
             if (textureCreateInfo->usageFlags & SDL_GPU_TEXTUREUSAGE_COMPUTE_STORAGE_WRITE_BIT) {
                 D3D12_UNORDERED_ACCESS_VIEW_DESC uavDesc;

                 D3D12_INTERNAL_AssignCpuDescriptorHandle(
                     renderer,
                     D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_HEAP_TYPE_CBV_SRV_UAV,
                     &texture->subresources[subresourceIndex].uavHandle);

                 uavDesc.Format = SDLToD3D12_TextureFormat[textureCreateInfo->format];

                 if (textureCreateInfo->type == SDL_GPU_TEXTURETYPE_2D_ARRAY || textureCreateInfo->type == SDL_GPU_TEXTURETYPE_CUBE) {
                     uavDesc.ViewDimension = D3D12_UAV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE2DARRAY;
                     uavDesc.Texture2DArray.MipSlice = levelIndex;
                     uavDesc.Texture2DArray.FirstArraySlice = layerIndex;
                     uavDesc.Texture2DArray.ArraySize = 1;
                 } else if (textureCreateInfo->type == SDL_GPU_TEXTURETYPE_3D) {
                     uavDesc.ViewDimension = D3D12_UAV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE3D;
                     uavDesc.Texture3D.MipSlice = levelIndex;
                     uavDesc.Texture3D.FirstWSlice = 0;
                     uavDesc.Texture3D.WSize = depth;
                 } else {
                     uavDesc.ViewDimension = D3D12_UAV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE2D;
                     uavDesc.Texture2D.MipSlice = levelIndex;
                     uavDesc.Texture2D.PlaneSlice = 0;
                 }

                 ID3D12Device_CreateUnorderedAccessView(
                     renderer->device,
                     texture->resource,
                     NULL,
                     &uavDesc,
                     texture->subresources[subresourceIndex].uavHandle.cpuHandle);
             }
         }
     }

     return texture;
 }

 static SDL_GPUTexture *D3D12_CreateTexture(
     SDL_GPURenderer *driverData,
     SDL_GPUTextureCreateInfo *textureCreateInfo)
 {
     D3D12TextureContainer *container = (D3D12TextureContainer *)SDL_calloc(1, sizeof(D3D12TextureContainer));
     if (!container) {
         return NULL;
     }

     container->header.info = *textureCreateInfo;
     container->textureCapacity = 1;
     container->textureCount = 1;
     container->textures = (D3D12Texture **)SDL_calloc(
         container->textureCapacity, sizeof(D3D12Texture *));

     if (!container->textures) {
         SDL_free(container);
         return NULL;
     }

     container->debugName = NULL;