src/core/windows/SDL_windows.c - external/github.com/libsdl-org/SDL - Git at Google

 /*
   Simple DirectMedia Layer
   Copyright (C) 1997-2025 Sam Lantinga <slouken@libsdl.org>

   This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
   warranty.  In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
   arising from the use of this software.

   Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,
   including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it
   freely, subject to the following restrictions:

   1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not
      claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software
      in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be
      appreciated but is not required.
   2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be
      misrepresented as being the original software.
   3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution.
 */
 #include "SDL_internal.h"

 #if defined(SDL_PLATFORM_WINDOWS)

 #include "SDL_windows.h"

 #include <objbase.h> // for CoInitialize/CoUninitialize (Win32 only)
 #ifdef HAVE_ROAPI_H
 #include <roapi.h> // For RoInitialize/RoUninitialize (Win32 only)
 #else
 typedef enum RO_INIT_TYPE
 {
     RO_INIT_SINGLETHREADED = 0,
     RO_INIT_MULTITHREADED = 1
 } RO_INIT_TYPE;
 #endif

 #ifndef _WIN32_WINNT_VISTA
 #define _WIN32_WINNT_VISTA 0x0600
 #endif
 #ifndef _WIN32_WINNT_WIN7
 #define _WIN32_WINNT_WIN7 0x0601
 #endif
 #ifndef _WIN32_WINNT_WIN8
 #define _WIN32_WINNT_WIN8 0x0602
 #endif

 #ifndef LOAD_LIBRARY_SEARCH_SYSTEM32
 #define LOAD_LIBRARY_SEARCH_SYSTEM32 0x00000800
 #endif

 #ifndef WC_ERR_INVALID_CHARS
 #define WC_ERR_INVALID_CHARS 0x00000080
 #endif

 // Fake window to help with DirectInput events.
 HWND SDL_HelperWindow = NULL;
 static const TCHAR *SDL_HelperWindowClassName = TEXT("SDLHelperWindowInputCatcher");
 static const TCHAR *SDL_HelperWindowName = TEXT("SDLHelperWindowInputMsgWindow");
 static ATOM SDL_HelperWindowClass = 0;

 /*
  * Creates a HelperWindow used for DirectInput.
  */
 bool SDL_HelperWindowCreate(void)
 {
     HINSTANCE hInstance = GetModuleHandle(NULL);
     WNDCLASS wce;

     // Make sure window isn't created twice.
     if (SDL_HelperWindow != NULL) {
         return true;
     }

     // Create the class.
     SDL_zero(wce);
     wce.lpfnWndProc = DefWindowProc;
     wce.lpszClassName = SDL_HelperWindowClassName;
     wce.hInstance = hInstance;

     // Register the class.
     SDL_HelperWindowClass = RegisterClass(&wce);
     if (SDL_HelperWindowClass == 0 && GetLastError() != ERROR_CLASS_ALREADY_EXISTS) {
         return WIN_SetError("Unable to create Helper Window Class");
     }

     // Create the window.
     SDL_HelperWindow = CreateWindowEx(0, SDL_HelperWindowClassName,
                                       SDL_HelperWindowName,
                                       WS_OVERLAPPED, CW_USEDEFAULT,
                                       CW_USEDEFAULT, CW_USEDEFAULT,
                                       CW_USEDEFAULT, HWND_MESSAGE, NULL,
                                       hInstance, NULL);
     if (!SDL_HelperWindow) {
         UnregisterClass(SDL_HelperWindowClassName, hInstance);
         return WIN_SetError("Unable to create Helper Window");
     }

     return true;
 }

 /*
  * Destroys the HelperWindow previously created with SDL_HelperWindowCreate.
  */
 void SDL_HelperWindowDestroy(void)
 {
     HINSTANCE hInstance = GetModuleHandle(NULL);

     // Destroy the window.
     if (SDL_HelperWindow != NULL) {
         if (DestroyWindow(SDL_HelperWindow) == 0) {
             WIN_SetError("Unable to destroy Helper Window");
             return;
         }
         SDL_HelperWindow = NULL;
     }

     // Unregister the class.
     if (SDL_HelperWindowClass != 0) {
         if ((UnregisterClass(SDL_HelperWindowClassName, hInstance)) == 0) {
             WIN_SetError("Unable to destroy Helper Window Class");
             return;
         }
         SDL_HelperWindowClass = 0;
     }
 }

 // Sets an error message based on an HRESULT
 bool WIN_SetErrorFromHRESULT(const char *prefix, HRESULT hr)
 {
     TCHAR buffer[1024];
     char *message;
     TCHAR *p = buffer;
     DWORD c = FormatMessage(FORMAT_MESSAGE_FROM_SYSTEM, NULL, hr, 0,
                             buffer, SDL_arraysize(buffer), NULL);
     buffer[c] = 0;
     // kill CR/LF that FormatMessage() sticks at the end
     while (*p) {
         if (*p == '\r') {
             *p = 0;
             break;
         }
         ++p;
     }
     message = WIN_StringToUTF8(buffer);
     SDL_SetError("%s%s%s", prefix ? prefix : "", prefix ? ": " : "", message);
     SDL_free(message);
     return false;
 }

 // Sets an error message based on GetLastError()
 bool WIN_SetError(const char *prefix)
 {
     return WIN_SetErrorFromHRESULT(prefix, GetLastError());
 }

 HRESULT
 WIN_CoInitialize(void)
 {
     /* SDL handles any threading model, so initialize with the default, which
        is compatible with OLE and if that doesn't work, try multi-threaded mode.

        If you need multi-threaded mode, call CoInitializeEx() before SDL_Init()
     */
 #if defined(SDL_PLATFORM_XBOXONE) || defined(SDL_PLATFORM_XBOXSERIES)
     // On Xbox, there's no need to call CoInitializeEx (and it's not implemented)
     return S_OK;
 #else
     HRESULT hr = CoInitializeEx(NULL, COINIT_APARTMENTTHREADED);
     if (hr == RPC_E_CHANGED_MODE) {
         hr = CoInitializeEx(NULL, COINIT_MULTITHREADED);
     }

     // S_FALSE means success, but someone else already initialized.
     // You still need to call CoUninitialize in this case!
     if (hr == S_FALSE) {
         return S_OK;
     }

     return hr;
 #endif
 }

 void WIN_CoUninitialize(void)
 {
     CoUninitialize();
 }

 FARPROC WIN_LoadComBaseFunction(const char *name)
 {
     static bool s_bLoaded;
     static HMODULE s_hComBase;

     if (!s_bLoaded) {
         s_hComBase = LoadLibraryEx(TEXT("combase.dll"), NULL, LOAD_LIBRARY_SEARCH_SYSTEM32);
         s_bLoaded = true;
     }
     if (s_hComBase) {
         return GetProcAddress(s_hComBase, name);
     } else {
         return NULL;
     }
 }

 HRESULT
 WIN_RoInitialize(void)
 {
     typedef HRESULT(WINAPI * RoInitialize_t)(RO_INIT_TYPE initType);
     RoInitialize_t RoInitializeFunc = (RoInitialize_t)WIN_LoadComBaseFunction("RoInitialize");
     if (RoInitializeFunc) {
         // RO_INIT_SINGLETHREADED is equivalent to COINIT_APARTMENTTHREADED
         HRESULT hr = RoInitializeFunc(RO_INIT_SINGLETHREADED);
         if (hr == RPC_E_CHANGED_MODE) {
             hr = RoInitializeFunc(RO_INIT_MULTITHREADED);
         }

         // S_FALSE means success, but someone else already initialized.
         // You still need to call RoUninitialize in this case!
         if (hr == S_FALSE) {
             return S_OK;
         }

         return hr;
     } else {
         return E_NOINTERFACE;
     }
 }

 void WIN_RoUninitialize(void)
 {
     typedef void(WINAPI * RoUninitialize_t)(void);
     RoUninitialize_t RoUninitializeFunc = (RoUninitialize_t)WIN_LoadComBaseFunction("RoUninitialize");
     if (RoUninitializeFunc) {
         RoUninitializeFunc();
     }
 }

 #if !defined(SDL_PLATFORM_XBOXONE) && !defined(SDL_PLATFORM_XBOXSERIES)
 static BOOL IsWindowsVersionOrGreater(WORD wMajorVersion, WORD wMinorVersion, WORD wServicePackMajor)
 {
     OSVERSIONINFOEXW osvi;
     DWORDLONG const dwlConditionMask = VerSetConditionMask(
         VerSetConditionMask(
             VerSetConditionMask(
                 0, VER_MAJORVERSION, VER_GREATER_EQUAL),
             VER_MINORVERSION, VER_GREATER_EQUAL),
         VER_SERVICEPACKMAJOR, VER_GREATER_EQUAL);

     SDL_zero(osvi);
     osvi.dwOSVersionInfoSize = sizeof(osvi);
     osvi.dwMajorVersion = wMajorVersion;
     osvi.dwMinorVersion = wMinorVersion;
     osvi.wServicePackMajor = wServicePackMajor;

     return VerifyVersionInfoW(&osvi, VER_MAJORVERSION | VER_MINORVERSION | VER_SERVICEPACKMAJOR, dwlConditionMask) != FALSE;
 }
 #endif

 // apply some static variables so we only call into the Win32 API once per process for each check.
 #if defined(SDL_PLATFORM_XBOXONE) || defined(SDL_PLATFORM_XBOXSERIES)
     #define CHECKWINVER(notdesktop_platform_result, test) return (notdesktop_platform_result);
 #else
     #define CHECKWINVER(notdesktop_platform_result, test) \
         static bool checked = false; \
         static BOOL result = FALSE; \
         if (!checked) { \
             result = (test); \
             checked = true; \
         } \
         return result;
 #endif

 // this is the oldest thing we run on (and we may lose support for this in SDL3 at any time!),
 //  so there's no "OrGreater" as that would always be TRUE. The other functions are here to
 //  ask "can we support a specific feature?" but this function is here to ask "do we need to do
 //  something different for an OS version we probably should abandon?"  :)
 BOOL WIN_IsWindowsXP(void)
 {
     CHECKWINVER(FALSE, !WIN_IsWindowsVistaOrGreater() && IsWindowsVersionOrGreater(HIBYTE(_WIN32_WINNT_WINXP), LOBYTE(_WIN32_WINNT_WINXP), 0));
 }

 BOOL WIN_IsWindowsVistaOrGreater(void)
 {
     CHECKWINVER(TRUE, IsWindowsVersionOrGreater(HIBYTE(_WIN32_WINNT_VISTA), LOBYTE(_WIN32_WINNT_VISTA), 0));
 }

 BOOL WIN_IsWindows7OrGreater(void)
 {
     CHECKWINVER(TRUE, IsWindowsVersionOrGreater(HIBYTE(_WIN32_WINNT_WIN7), LOBYTE(_WIN32_WINNT_WIN7), 0));
 }

 BOOL WIN_IsWindows8OrGreater(void)
 {
     CHECKWINVER(TRUE, IsWindowsVersionOrGreater(HIBYTE(_WIN32_WINNT_WIN8), LOBYTE(_WIN32_WINNT_WIN8), 0));
 }

 #undef CHECKWINVER


 /*
 WAVExxxCAPS gives you 31 bytes for the device name, and just truncates if it's
 longer. However, since WinXP, you can use the WAVExxxCAPS2 structure, which
 will give you a name GUID. The full name is in the Windows Registry under
 that GUID, located here: HKLM\System\CurrentControlSet\Control\MediaCategories

 Note that drivers can report GUID_NULL for the name GUID, in which case,
 Windows makes a best effort to fill in those 31 bytes in the usual place.
 This info summarized from MSDN:

 http://web.archive.org/web/20131027093034/http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/hardware/ff536382(v=vs.85).aspx

 Always look this up in the registry if possible, because the strings are
 different! At least on Win10, I see "Yeti Stereo Microphone" in the
 Registry, and a unhelpful "Microphone(Yeti Stereo Microph" in winmm. Sigh.

 (Also, DirectSound shouldn't be limited to 32 chars, but its device enum
 has the same problem.)

 WASAPI doesn't need this. This is just for DirectSound/WinMM.
 */
 char *WIN_LookupAudioDeviceName(const WCHAR *name, const GUID *guid)
 {
 #if defined(SDL_PLATFORM_XBOXONE) || defined(SDL_PLATFORM_XBOXSERIES)
     return WIN_StringToUTF8W(name); // No registry access on Xbox, go with what we've got.
 #else
     static const GUID nullguid = { 0 };
     const unsigned char *ptr;
     char keystr[128];
     WCHAR *strw = NULL;
     bool rc;
     HKEY hkey;
     DWORD len = 0;
     char *result = NULL;

     if (WIN_IsEqualGUID(guid, &nullguid)) {
         return WIN_StringToUTF8(name); // No GUID, go with what we've got.
     }

     ptr = (const unsigned char *)guid;
     (void)SDL_snprintf(keystr, sizeof(keystr),
                        "System\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\MediaCategories\\{%02X%02X%02X%02X-%02X%02X-%02X%02X-%02X%02X-%02X%02X%02X%02X%02X%02X}",
                        ptr[3], ptr[2], ptr[1], ptr[0], ptr[5], ptr[4], ptr[7], ptr[6],
                        ptr[8], ptr[9], ptr[10], ptr[11], ptr[12], ptr[13], ptr[14], ptr[15]);

     strw = WIN_UTF8ToString(keystr);
     rc = (RegOpenKeyExW(HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE, strw, 0, KEY_QUERY_VALUE, &hkey) == ERROR_SUCCESS);
     SDL_free(strw);
     if (!rc) {
         return WIN_StringToUTF8(name); // oh well.
     }

     rc = (RegQueryValueExW(hkey, L"Name", NULL, NULL, NULL, &len) == ERROR_SUCCESS);
     if (!rc) {
         RegCloseKey(hkey);
         return WIN_StringToUTF8(name); // oh well.
     }

     strw = (WCHAR *)SDL_malloc(len + sizeof(WCHAR));
     if (!strw) {
         RegCloseKey(hkey);
         return WIN_StringToUTF8(name); // oh well.
     }

     rc = (RegQueryValueExW(hkey, L"Name", NULL, NULL, (LPBYTE)strw, &len) == ERROR_SUCCESS);
     RegCloseKey(hkey);
     if (!rc) {
         SDL_free(strw);
         return WIN_StringToUTF8(name); // oh well.
     }

     strw[len / 2] = 0; // make sure it's null-terminated.

     result = WIN_StringToUTF8(strw);
     SDL_free(strw);
     return result ? result : WIN_StringToUTF8(name);
 #endif
 }

 BOOL WIN_IsEqualGUID(const GUID *a, const GUID *b)
 {
     return (SDL_memcmp(a, b, sizeof(*a)) == 0);
 }

 BOOL WIN_IsEqualIID(REFIID a, REFIID b)
 {
     return (SDL_memcmp(a, b, sizeof(*a)) == 0);
 }

 void WIN_RECTToRect(const RECT *winrect, SDL_Rect *sdlrect)
 {
     sdlrect->x = winrect->left;
     sdlrect->w = (winrect->right - winrect->left) + 1;
     sdlrect->y = winrect->top;
     sdlrect->h = (winrect->bottom - winrect->top) + 1;
 }

 void WIN_RectToRECT(const SDL_Rect *sdlrect, RECT *winrect)
 {
     winrect->left = sdlrect->x;
     winrect->right = sdlrect->x + sdlrect->w - 1;
     winrect->top = sdlrect->y;
     winrect->bottom = sdlrect->y + sdlrect->h - 1;
 }

 bool WIN_WindowRectValid(const RECT *rect)
 {
     // A window can be resized to zero height, but not zero width
     return (rect->right > 0);
 }

 // Some GUIDs we need to know without linking to libraries that aren't available before Vista.
 /* *INDENT-OFF* */ // clang-format off
 static const GUID SDL_KSDATAFORMAT_SUBTYPE_PCM = { 0x00000001, 0x0000, 0x0010,{ 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0xaa, 0x00, 0x38, 0x9b, 0x71 } };
 static const GUID SDL_KSDATAFORMAT_SUBTYPE_IEEE_FLOAT = { 0x00000003, 0x0000, 0x0010,{ 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0xaa, 0x00, 0x38, 0x9b, 0x71 } };
 /* *INDENT-ON* */ // clang-format on

 SDL_AudioFormat SDL_WaveFormatExToSDLFormat(WAVEFORMATEX *waveformat)
 {
     if ((waveformat->wFormatTag == WAVE_FORMAT_IEEE_FLOAT) && (waveformat->wBitsPerSample == 32)) {
         return SDL_AUDIO_F32;
     } else if ((waveformat->wFormatTag == WAVE_FORMAT_PCM) && (waveformat->wBitsPerSample == 16)) {
         return SDL_AUDIO_S16;
     } else if ((waveformat->wFormatTag == WAVE_FORMAT_PCM) && (waveformat->wBitsPerSample == 32)) {
         return SDL_AUDIO_S32;
     } else if (waveformat->wFormatTag == WAVE_FORMAT_EXTENSIBLE) {
         const WAVEFORMATEXTENSIBLE *ext = (const WAVEFORMATEXTENSIBLE *)waveformat;
         if ((SDL_memcmp(&ext->SubFormat, &SDL_KSDATAFORMAT_SUBTYPE_IEEE_FLOAT, sizeof(GUID)) == 0) && (waveformat->wBitsPerSample == 32)) {
             return SDL_AUDIO_F32;
         } else if ((SDL_memcmp(&ext->SubFormat, &SDL_KSDATAFORMAT_SUBTYPE_PCM, sizeof(GUID)) == 0) && (waveformat->wBitsPerSample == 16)) {
             return SDL_AUDIO_S16;
         } else if ((SDL_memcmp(&ext->SubFormat, &SDL_KSDATAFORMAT_SUBTYPE_PCM, sizeof(GUID)) == 0) && (waveformat->wBitsPerSample == 32)) {
             return SDL_AUDIO_S32;
         }
     }
     return SDL_AUDIO_UNKNOWN;
 }


 int WIN_WideCharToMultiByte(UINT CodePage, DWORD dwFlags, LPCWCH lpWideCharStr, int cchWideChar, LPSTR lpMultiByteStr, int cbMultiByte, LPCCH lpDefaultChar, LPBOOL lpUsedDefaultChar)
 {
     if (WIN_IsWindowsXP()) {
         dwFlags &= ~WC_ERR_INVALID_CHARS;  // not supported before Vista. Without this flag, it will just replace bogus chars with U+FFFD. You're on your own, WinXP.
     }
     return WideCharToMultiByte(CodePage, dwFlags, lpWideCharStr, cchWideChar, lpMultiByteStr, cbMultiByte, lpDefaultChar, lpUsedDefaultChar);
 }

 #endif // defined(SDL_PLATFORM_WINDOWS)
	/*
	Simple DirectMedia Layer
	Copyright (C) 1997-2025 Sam Lantinga <slouken@libsdl.org>

	This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
	warranty. In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
	arising from the use of this software.

	Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,
	including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it
	freely, subject to the following restrictions:

	1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not
	claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software
	in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be
	appreciated but is not required.
	2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be
	misrepresented as being the original software.
	3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution.
	*/
	#include "SDL_internal.h"

	#if defined(SDL_PLATFORM_WINDOWS)

	#include "SDL_windows.h"

	#include <objbase.h> // for CoInitialize/CoUninitialize (Win32 only)
	#ifdef HAVE_ROAPI_H
	#include <roapi.h> // For RoInitialize/RoUninitialize (Win32 only)
	#else
	typedef enum RO_INIT_TYPE
	{
	RO_INIT_SINGLETHREADED = 0,
	RO_INIT_MULTITHREADED = 1
	} RO_INIT_TYPE;
	#endif

	#ifndef _WIN32_WINNT_VISTA
	#define _WIN32_WINNT_VISTA 0x0600
	#endif
	#ifndef _WIN32_WINNT_WIN7
	#define _WIN32_WINNT_WIN7 0x0601
	#endif
	#ifndef _WIN32_WINNT_WIN8
	#define _WIN32_WINNT_WIN8 0x0602
	#endif

	#ifndef LOAD_LIBRARY_SEARCH_SYSTEM32
	#define LOAD_LIBRARY_SEARCH_SYSTEM32 0x00000800
	#endif

	#ifndef WC_ERR_INVALID_CHARS
	#define WC_ERR_INVALID_CHARS 0x00000080
	#endif

	// Fake window to help with DirectInput events.
	HWND SDL_HelperWindow = NULL;
	static const TCHAR *SDL_HelperWindowClassName = TEXT("SDLHelperWindowInputCatcher");
	static const TCHAR *SDL_HelperWindowName = TEXT("SDLHelperWindowInputMsgWindow");
	static ATOM SDL_HelperWindowClass = 0;

	/*
	* Creates a HelperWindow used for DirectInput.
	*/
	bool SDL_HelperWindowCreate(void)
	{
	HINSTANCE hInstance = GetModuleHandle(NULL);
	WNDCLASS wce;

	// Make sure window isn't created twice.
	if (SDL_HelperWindow != NULL) {
	return true;
	}

	// Create the class.
	SDL_zero(wce);
	wce.lpfnWndProc = DefWindowProc;
	wce.lpszClassName = SDL_HelperWindowClassName;
	wce.hInstance = hInstance;

	// Register the class.
	SDL_HelperWindowClass = RegisterClass(&wce);
	if (SDL_HelperWindowClass == 0 && GetLastError() != ERROR_CLASS_ALREADY_EXISTS) {
	return WIN_SetError("Unable to create Helper Window Class");
	}

	// Create the window.
	SDL_HelperWindow = CreateWindowEx(0, SDL_HelperWindowClassName,
	SDL_HelperWindowName,
	WS_OVERLAPPED, CW_USEDEFAULT,
	CW_USEDEFAULT, CW_USEDEFAULT,
	CW_USEDEFAULT, HWND_MESSAGE, NULL,
	hInstance, NULL);
	if (!SDL_HelperWindow) {
	UnregisterClass(SDL_HelperWindowClassName, hInstance);
	return WIN_SetError("Unable to create Helper Window");
	}

	return true;
	}

	/*
	* Destroys the HelperWindow previously created with SDL_HelperWindowCreate.
	*/
	void SDL_HelperWindowDestroy(void)
	{
	HINSTANCE hInstance = GetModuleHandle(NULL);

	// Destroy the window.
	if (SDL_HelperWindow != NULL) {
	if (DestroyWindow(SDL_HelperWindow) == 0) {
	WIN_SetError("Unable to destroy Helper Window");
	return;
	}
	SDL_HelperWindow = NULL;
	}

	// Unregister the class.
	if (SDL_HelperWindowClass != 0) {
	if ((UnregisterClass(SDL_HelperWindowClassName, hInstance)) == 0) {
	WIN_SetError("Unable to destroy Helper Window Class");
	return;
	}
	SDL_HelperWindowClass = 0;
	}
	}

	// Sets an error message based on an HRESULT
	bool WIN_SetErrorFromHRESULT(const char *prefix, HRESULT hr)
	{
	TCHAR buffer[1024];
	char *message;
	TCHAR *p = buffer;
	DWORD c = FormatMessage(FORMAT_MESSAGE_FROM_SYSTEM, NULL, hr, 0,
	buffer, SDL_arraysize(buffer), NULL);
	buffer[c] = 0;
	// kill CR/LF that FormatMessage() sticks at the end
	while (*p) {
	if (*p == '\r') {
	*p = 0;
	break;
	}
	++p;
	}
	message = WIN_StringToUTF8(buffer);
	SDL_SetError("%s%s%s", prefix ? prefix : "", prefix ? ": " : "", message);
	SDL_free(message);
	return false;
	}

	// Sets an error message based on GetLastError()
	bool WIN_SetError(const char *prefix)
	{
	return WIN_SetErrorFromHRESULT(prefix, GetLastError());
	}

	HRESULT
	WIN_CoInitialize(void)
	{
	/* SDL handles any threading model, so initialize with the default, which
	is compatible with OLE and if that doesn't work, try multi-threaded mode.

	If you need multi-threaded mode, call CoInitializeEx() before SDL_Init()
	*/
	#if defined(SDL_PLATFORM_XBOXONE) \|\| defined(SDL_PLATFORM_XBOXSERIES)
	// On Xbox, there's no need to call CoInitializeEx (and it's not implemented)
	return S_OK;
	#else
	HRESULT hr = CoInitializeEx(NULL, COINIT_APARTMENTTHREADED);
	if (hr == RPC_E_CHANGED_MODE) {
	hr = CoInitializeEx(NULL, COINIT_MULTITHREADED);
	}

	// S_FALSE means success, but someone else already initialized.
	// You still need to call CoUninitialize in this case!
	if (hr == S_FALSE) {
	return S_OK;
	}

	return hr;
	#endif
	}

	void WIN_CoUninitialize(void)
	{
	CoUninitialize();
	}

	FARPROC WIN_LoadComBaseFunction(const char *name)
	{
	static bool s_bLoaded;
	static HMODULE s_hComBase;

	if (!s_bLoaded) {
	s_hComBase = LoadLibraryEx(TEXT("combase.dll"), NULL, LOAD_LIBRARY_SEARCH_SYSTEM32);
	s_bLoaded = true;
	}
	if (s_hComBase) {
	return GetProcAddress(s_hComBase, name);
	} else {
	return NULL;
	}
	}

	HRESULT
	WIN_RoInitialize(void)
	{
	typedef HRESULT(WINAPI * RoInitialize_t)(RO_INIT_TYPE initType);
	RoInitialize_t RoInitializeFunc = (RoInitialize_t)WIN_LoadComBaseFunction("RoInitialize");
	if (RoInitializeFunc) {
	// RO_INIT_SINGLETHREADED is equivalent to COINIT_APARTMENTTHREADED
	HRESULT hr = RoInitializeFunc(RO_INIT_SINGLETHREADED);
	if (hr == RPC_E_CHANGED_MODE) {
	hr = RoInitializeFunc(RO_INIT_MULTITHREADED);
	}

	// S_FALSE means success, but someone else already initialized.
	// You still need to call RoUninitialize in this case!
	if (hr == S_FALSE) {
	return S_OK;
	}

	return hr;
	} else {
	return E_NOINTERFACE;
	}
	}

	void WIN_RoUninitialize(void)
	{
	typedef void(WINAPI * RoUninitialize_t)(void);
	RoUninitialize_t RoUninitializeFunc = (RoUninitialize_t)WIN_LoadComBaseFunction("RoUninitialize");
	if (RoUninitializeFunc) {
	RoUninitializeFunc();
	}
	}

	#if !defined(SDL_PLATFORM_XBOXONE) && !defined(SDL_PLATFORM_XBOXSERIES)
	static BOOL IsWindowsVersionOrGreater(WORD wMajorVersion, WORD wMinorVersion, WORD wServicePackMajor)
	{
	OSVERSIONINFOEXW osvi;
	DWORDLONG const dwlConditionMask = VerSetConditionMask(
	VerSetConditionMask(
	VerSetConditionMask(
	0, VER_MAJORVERSION, VER_GREATER_EQUAL),
	VER_MINORVERSION, VER_GREATER_EQUAL),
	VER_SERVICEPACKMAJOR, VER_GREATER_EQUAL);

	SDL_zero(osvi);
	osvi.dwOSVersionInfoSize = sizeof(osvi);
	osvi.dwMajorVersion = wMajorVersion;
	osvi.dwMinorVersion = wMinorVersion;
	osvi.wServicePackMajor = wServicePackMajor;

	return VerifyVersionInfoW(&osvi, VER_MAJORVERSION \| VER_MINORVERSION \| VER_SERVICEPACKMAJOR, dwlConditionMask) != FALSE;
	}
	#endif

	// apply some static variables so we only call into the Win32 API once per process for each check.
	#if defined(SDL_PLATFORM_XBOXONE) \|\| defined(SDL_PLATFORM_XBOXSERIES)
	#define CHECKWINVER(notdesktop_platform_result, test) return (notdesktop_platform_result);
	#else
	#define CHECKWINVER(notdesktop_platform_result, test) \
	static bool checked = false; \
	static BOOL result = FALSE; \
	if (!checked) { \
	result = (test); \
	checked = true; \
	} \
	return result;
	#endif

	// this is the oldest thing we run on (and we may lose support for this in SDL3 at any time!),
	// so there's no "OrGreater" as that would always be TRUE. The other functions are here to
	// ask "can we support a specific feature?" but this function is here to ask "do we need to do
	// something different for an OS version we probably should abandon?" :)
	BOOL WIN_IsWindowsXP(void)
	{
	CHECKWINVER(FALSE, !WIN_IsWindowsVistaOrGreater() && IsWindowsVersionOrGreater(HIBYTE(_WIN32_WINNT_WINXP), LOBYTE(_WIN32_WINNT_WINXP), 0));
	}

	BOOL WIN_IsWindowsVistaOrGreater(void)
	{
	CHECKWINVER(TRUE, IsWindowsVersionOrGreater(HIBYTE(_WIN32_WINNT_VISTA), LOBYTE(_WIN32_WINNT_VISTA), 0));
	}

	BOOL WIN_IsWindows7OrGreater(void)
	{
	CHECKWINVER(TRUE, IsWindowsVersionOrGreater(HIBYTE(_WIN32_WINNT_WIN7), LOBYTE(_WIN32_WINNT_WIN7), 0));
	}

	BOOL WIN_IsWindows8OrGreater(void)
	{
	CHECKWINVER(TRUE, IsWindowsVersionOrGreater(HIBYTE(_WIN32_WINNT_WIN8), LOBYTE(_WIN32_WINNT_WIN8), 0));
	}

	#undef CHECKWINVER


	/*
	WAVExxxCAPS gives you 31 bytes for the device name, and just truncates if it's
	longer. However, since WinXP, you can use the WAVExxxCAPS2 structure, which
	will give you a name GUID. The full name is in the Windows Registry under
	that GUID, located here: HKLM\System\CurrentControlSet\Control\MediaCategories

	Note that drivers can report GUID_NULL for the name GUID, in which case,
	Windows makes a best effort to fill in those 31 bytes in the usual place.
	This info summarized from MSDN:

	http://web.archive.org/web/20131027093034/http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/hardware/ff536382(v=vs.85).aspx

	Always look this up in the registry if possible, because the strings are
	different! At least on Win10, I see "Yeti Stereo Microphone" in the
	Registry, and a unhelpful "Microphone(Yeti Stereo Microph" in winmm. Sigh.

	(Also, DirectSound shouldn't be limited to 32 chars, but its device enum
	has the same problem.)

	WASAPI doesn't need this. This is just for DirectSound/WinMM.
	*/
	char WIN_LookupAudioDeviceName(const WCHAR name, const GUID *guid)
	{
	#if defined(SDL_PLATFORM_XBOXONE) \|\| defined(SDL_PLATFORM_XBOXSERIES)
	return WIN_StringToUTF8W(name); // No registry access on Xbox, go with what we've got.
	#else
	static const GUID nullguid = { 0 };
	const unsigned char *ptr;
	char keystr[128];
	WCHAR *strw = NULL;
	bool rc;
	HKEY hkey;
	DWORD len = 0;
	char *result = NULL;

	if (WIN_IsEqualGUID(guid, &nullguid)) {
	return WIN_StringToUTF8(name); // No GUID, go with what we've got.
	}

	ptr = (const unsigned char *)guid;
	(void)SDL_snprintf(keystr, sizeof(keystr),
	"System\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\MediaCategories\\{%02X%02X%02X%02X-%02X%02X-%02X%02X-%02X%02X-%02X%02X%02X%02X%02X%02X}",
	ptr[3], ptr[2], ptr[1], ptr[0], ptr[5], ptr[4], ptr[7], ptr[6],
	ptr[8], ptr[9], ptr[10], ptr[11], ptr[12], ptr[13], ptr[14], ptr[15]);

	strw = WIN_UTF8ToString(keystr);
	rc = (RegOpenKeyExW(HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE, strw, 0, KEY_QUERY_VALUE, &hkey) == ERROR_SUCCESS);
	SDL_free(strw);
	if (!rc) {
	return WIN_StringToUTF8(name); // oh well.
	}

	rc = (RegQueryValueExW(hkey, L"Name", NULL, NULL, NULL, &len) == ERROR_SUCCESS);
	if (!rc) {
	RegCloseKey(hkey);
	return WIN_StringToUTF8(name); // oh well.
	}

	strw = (WCHAR *)SDL_malloc(len + sizeof(WCHAR));
	if (!strw) {
	RegCloseKey(hkey);
	return WIN_StringToUTF8(name); // oh well.
	}

	rc = (RegQueryValueExW(hkey, L"Name", NULL, NULL, (LPBYTE)strw, &len) == ERROR_SUCCESS);
	RegCloseKey(hkey);
	if (!rc) {
	SDL_free(strw);
	return WIN_StringToUTF8(name); // oh well.
	}

	strw[len / 2] = 0; // make sure it's null-terminated.

	result = WIN_StringToUTF8(strw);
	SDL_free(strw);
	return result ? result : WIN_StringToUTF8(name);
	#endif
	}

	BOOL WIN_IsEqualGUID(const GUID a, const GUID b)
	{
	return (SDL_memcmp(a, b, sizeof(*a)) == 0);
	}

	BOOL WIN_IsEqualIID(REFIID a, REFIID b)
	{
	return (SDL_memcmp(a, b, sizeof(*a)) == 0);
	}

	void WIN_RECTToRect(const RECT winrect, SDL_Rect sdlrect)
	{
	sdlrect->x = winrect->left;
	sdlrect->w = (winrect->right - winrect->left) + 1;
	sdlrect->y = winrect->top;
	sdlrect->h = (winrect->bottom - winrect->top) + 1;
	}

	void WIN_RectToRECT(const SDL_Rect sdlrect, RECT winrect)
	{
	winrect->left = sdlrect->x;
	winrect->right = sdlrect->x + sdlrect->w - 1;
	winrect->top = sdlrect->y;
	winrect->bottom = sdlrect->y + sdlrect->h - 1;
	}

	bool WIN_WindowRectValid(const RECT *rect)
	{
	// A window can be resized to zero height, but not zero width
	return (rect->right > 0);
	}

	// Some GUIDs we need to know without linking to libraries that aren't available before Vista.
	/* INDENT-OFF */ // clang-format off
	static const GUID SDL_KSDATAFORMAT_SUBTYPE_PCM = { 0x00000001, 0x0000, 0x0010,{ 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0xaa, 0x00, 0x38, 0x9b, 0x71 } };
	static const GUID SDL_KSDATAFORMAT_SUBTYPE_IEEE_FLOAT = { 0x00000003, 0x0000, 0x0010,{ 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0xaa, 0x00, 0x38, 0x9b, 0x71 } };
	/* INDENT-ON */ // clang-format on

	SDL_AudioFormat SDL_WaveFormatExToSDLFormat(WAVEFORMATEX *waveformat)
	{
	if ((waveformat->wFormatTag == WAVE_FORMAT_IEEE_FLOAT) && (waveformat->wBitsPerSample == 32)) {
	return SDL_AUDIO_F32;
	} else if ((waveformat->wFormatTag == WAVE_FORMAT_PCM) && (waveformat->wBitsPerSample == 16)) {
	return SDL_AUDIO_S16;
	} else if ((waveformat->wFormatTag == WAVE_FORMAT_PCM) && (waveformat->wBitsPerSample == 32)) {
	return SDL_AUDIO_S32;
	} else if (waveformat->wFormatTag == WAVE_FORMAT_EXTENSIBLE) {
	const WAVEFORMATEXTENSIBLE ext = (const WAVEFORMATEXTENSIBLE )waveformat;
	if ((SDL_memcmp(&ext->SubFormat, &SDL_KSDATAFORMAT_SUBTYPE_IEEE_FLOAT, sizeof(GUID)) == 0) && (waveformat->wBitsPerSample == 32)) {
	return SDL_AUDIO_F32;
	} else if ((SDL_memcmp(&ext->SubFormat, &SDL_KSDATAFORMAT_SUBTYPE_PCM, sizeof(GUID)) == 0) && (waveformat->wBitsPerSample == 16)) {
	return SDL_AUDIO_S16;
	} else if ((SDL_memcmp(&ext->SubFormat, &SDL_KSDATAFORMAT_SUBTYPE_PCM, sizeof(GUID)) == 0) && (waveformat->wBitsPerSample == 32)) {
	return SDL_AUDIO_S32;
	}
	}
	return SDL_AUDIO_UNKNOWN;
	}


	int WIN_WideCharToMultiByte(UINT CodePage, DWORD dwFlags, LPCWCH lpWideCharStr, int cchWideChar, LPSTR lpMultiByteStr, int cbMultiByte, LPCCH lpDefaultChar, LPBOOL lpUsedDefaultChar)
	{
	if (WIN_IsWindowsXP()) {
	dwFlags &= ~WC_ERR_INVALID_CHARS; // not supported before Vista. Without this flag, it will just replace bogus chars with U+FFFD. You're on your own, WinXP.
	}
	return WideCharToMultiByte(CodePage, dwFlags, lpWideCharStr, cchWideChar, lpMultiByteStr, cbMultiByte, lpDefaultChar, lpUsedDefaultChar);
	}

	#endif // defined(SDL_PLATFORM_WINDOWS)