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// Copyright (c) 2019 Google LLC
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.
#ifndef SOURCE_FUZZ_EQUIVALENCE_RELATION_H_
#define SOURCE_FUZZ_EQUIVALENCE_RELATION_H_
#include <memory>
#include <unordered_map>
#include <unordered_set>
#include <vector>
#include "source/util/make_unique.h"
namespace spvtools {
namespace fuzz {
// A class for representing an equivalence relation on objects of type |T|,
// which should be a value type. The type |T| is required to have a copy
// constructor, and |PointerHashT| and |PointerEqualsT| must be functors
// providing hashing and equality testing functionality for pointers to objects
// of type |T|.
//
// A disjoint-set (a.k.a. union-find or merge-find) data structure is used to
// represent the equivalence relation. Path compression is used. Union by
// rank/size is not used.
//
// Each disjoint set is represented as a tree, rooted at the representative
// of the set.
//
// Getting the representative of a value simply requires chasing parent pointers
// from the value until you reach the root.
//
// Checking equivalence of two elements requires checking that the
// representatives are equal.
//
// Traversing the tree rooted at a value's representative visits the value's
// equivalence class.
//
// |PointerHashT| and |PointerEqualsT| are used to define *equality* between
// values, and otherwise are *not* used to define the equivalence relation
// (except that equal values are equivalent). The equivalence relation is
// constructed by repeatedly adding pairs of (typically non-equal) values that
// are deemed to be equivalent.
//
// For example in an equivalence relation on integers, 1 and 5 might be added
// as equivalent, so that IsEquivalent(1, 5) holds, because they represent
// IDs in a SPIR-V binary that are known to contain the same value at run time,
// but clearly 1 != 5. Since 1 and 1 are equal, IsEquivalent(1, 1) will also
// hold.
//
// Each unique (up to equality) value added to the relation is copied into
// |owned_values_|, so there is one canonical memory address per unique value.
// Uniqueness is ensured by storing (and checking) a set of pointers to these
// values in |value_set_|, which uses |PointerHashT| and |PointerEqualsT|.
//
// |parent_| and |children_| encode the equivalence relation, i.e., the trees.
template <typename T, typename PointerHashT, typename PointerEqualsT>
class EquivalenceRelation {
public:
// Merges the equivalence classes associated with |value1| and |value2|.
// If any of these values was not previously in the equivalence relation, it
// is added to the pool of values known to be in the relation.
void MakeEquivalent(const T& value1, const T& value2) {
// Register each value if necessary.
for (auto value : {value1, value2}) {
if (!Exists(value)) {
// Register the value in the equivalence relation. This relies on
// T having a copy constructor.
auto unique_pointer_to_value = MakeUnique<T>(value);
auto pointer_to_value = unique_pointer_to_value.get();
owned_values_.push_back(std::move(unique_pointer_to_value));
value_set_.insert(pointer_to_value);
// Initially say that the value is its own parent and that it has no
// children.
assert(pointer_to_value && "Representatives should never be null.");
parent_[pointer_to_value] = pointer_to_value;
children_[pointer_to_value] = std::vector<const T*>();
}
}
// Look up canonical pointers to each of the values in the value pool.
const T* value1_ptr = *value_set_.find(&value1);
const T* value2_ptr = *value_set_.find(&value2);
// If the values turn out to be identical, they are already in the same
// equivalence class so there is nothing to do.
if (value1_ptr == value2_ptr) {
return;
}
// Find the representative for each value's equivalence class, and if they
// are not already in the same class, make one the parent of the other.
const T* representative1 = Find(value1_ptr);
const T* representative2 = Find(value2_ptr);
assert(representative1 && "Representatives should never be null.");
assert(representative2 && "Representatives should never be null.");
if (representative1 != representative2) {
parent_[representative1] = representative2;
children_[representative2].push_back(representative1);
}
}
// Returns exactly one representative per equivalence class.
std::vector<const T*> GetEquivalenceClassRepresentatives() const {
std::vector<const T*> result;
for (auto& value : owned_values_) {
if (parent_[value.get()] == value.get()) {
result.push_back(value.get());
}
}
return result;
}
// Returns pointers to all values in the equivalence class of |value|, which
// must already be part of the equivalence relation.
std::vector<const T*> GetEquivalenceClass(const T& value) const {
assert(Exists(value));
std::vector<const T*> result;
// Traverse the tree of values rooted at the representative of the
// equivalence class to which |value| belongs, and collect up all the values
// that are encountered. This constitutes the whole equivalence class.
std::vector<const T*> stack;
stack.push_back(Find(*value_set_.find(&value)));
while (!stack.empty()) {
const T* item = stack.back();
result.push_back(item);
stack.pop_back();
for (auto child : children_[item]) {
stack.push_back(child);
}
}
return result;
}
// Returns true if and only if |value1| and |value2| are in the same
// equivalence class. Both values must already be known to the equivalence
// relation.
bool IsEquivalent(const T& value1, const T& value2) const {
return Find(&value1) == Find(&value2);
}
// Returns all values known to be part of the equivalence relation.
std::vector<const T*> GetAllKnownValues() const {
std::vector<const T*> result;
for (auto& value : owned_values_) {
result.push_back(value.get());
}
return result;
}
// Returns true if and only if |value| is known to be part of the equivalence
// relation.
bool Exists(const T& value) const {
return value_set_.find(&value) != value_set_.end();
}
private:
// Returns the representative of the equivalence class of |value|, which must
// already be known to the equivalence relation. This is the 'Find' operation
// in a classic union-find data structure.
const T* Find(const T* value) const {
assert(Exists(*value));
// Get the canonical pointer to the value from the value pool.
const T* known_value = *value_set_.find(value);
assert(parent_[known_value] && "Every known value should have a parent.");
// Compute the result by chasing parents until we find a value that is its
// own parent.
const T* result = known_value;
while (parent_[result] != result) {
result = parent_[result];
}
assert(result && "Representatives should never be null.");
// At this point, |result| is the representative of the equivalence class.
// Now perform the 'path compression' optimization by doing another pass up
// the parent chain, setting the parent of each node to be the
// representative, and rewriting children correspondingly.
const T* current = known_value;
while (parent_[current] != result) {
const T* next = parent_[current];
parent_[current] = result;
children_[result].push_back(current);
auto child_iterator =
std::find(children_[next].begin(), children_[next].end(), current);
assert(child_iterator != children_[next].end() &&
"'next' is the parent of 'current', so 'current' should be a "
"child of 'next'");
children_[next].erase(child_iterator);
current = next;
}
return result;
}
// Maps every value to a parent. The representative of an equivalence class
// is its own parent. A value's representative can be found by walking its
// chain of ancestors.
//
// Mutable because the intuitively const method, 'Find', performs path
// compression.
mutable std::unordered_map<const T*, const T*> parent_;
// Stores the children of each value. This allows the equivalence class of
// a value to be calculated by traversing all descendents of the class's
// representative.
//
// Mutable because the intuitively const method, 'Find', performs path
// compression.
mutable std::unordered_map<const T*, std::vector<const T*>> children_;
// The values known to the equivalence relation are allocated in
// |owned_values_|, and |value_pool_| provides (via |PointerHashT| and
// |PointerEqualsT|) a means for mapping a value of interest to a pointer
// into an equivalent value in |owned_values_|.
std::unordered_set<const T*, PointerHashT, PointerEqualsT> value_set_;
std::vector<std::unique_ptr<T>> owned_values_;
};
} // namespace fuzz
} // namespace spvtools
#endif // SOURCE_FUZZ_EQUIVALENCE_RELATION_H_