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<title>OpenML ABI/DDI (DRAFT July 19, 2001)</title>

<meta name="description" content="OpenML ABI/DDI standards">
<meta name="keywords" content="OpenML, OpenGL, ABI, Linux">
<meta name="owner" content="Jon Leech">

<center>
<h2> OpenML&reg; Application Binary Interface (ABI) and Device Driver
    Interface (DDI) Standards </h2>

<p>Version 0.2<br>
   July 19, 2001<br>
   Editor: Jon Leech, SGI
</center>

<p><hr></p>

<h2> Index </h2>

    <ul>
    <li><a href="#1">1. Overview and Goals </a>
    <li><a href="#2">2. OpenML Component APIs and Versions</a>
    <li><a href="#3">3. Calling Conventions</a>
    <li><a href="#4">4. Libraries</a>
    <li><a href="#5">5. Header Files</a>
    <li><a href="#6">6. Extension Mechanism and Extension Headers</a>
    <li><a href="#7">7. Device Driver Interfaces</a>
    <li><a href="#app">Appendix: Open Issues</a>
    <li><a href="#log">Change Log</a>
    </ul>

<a name="1">
<h2> 1. Overview and Goals  </h2>

<p> 1.1. This document is intended to solve three related problems.
    First, defining the ABIs and runtime environment for applications
    using OpenML. This will enable applications using the OpenML APIs
    for rendering to run on a variety of underlying implementations
    transparently.

<p> Second, defining the Software Development Kit (SDK) (for developing
    apps using OpenGL. This includes header file locations, conventions
    for use of extensions, etc.

<p> Finally, defining the Device Driver Interface (DDI) for appropriate
    portions of OpenML.

<p> These standards target multiple platforms. For Linux and Microsoft
    Windows, where multiple vendors will supply OpenML implementations,
    the standards are <b>proscriptive</b>; all conformant OpenML
    implementations must satisfy the ABI, SDK, and DDI requirements. For
    other platforms (at this time, vendor-specific Unix platforms such
    as IRIX or Solaris), only some parts of the standards are required,
    while others are <b>recommended</b>, for maximal portability between
    platforms.

<p> It may eventually be appropriate to share these standards with
    broader standards bodies such as the
    <a href="http://www.freestandards.org">Free Standards Group</a> on
    Linux.

<p> 1.2. There are many open issues in the initial draft; this is
    intended for discussion and extensive modification. Open issues are
    summarized in the <a href="#app">appendix</a>. Some decisions are
    largely arbitrary (filenames and file locations, for example), and
    in those cases we have been guided by existing practice where
    possible.

<p> 1.3. This document is intended to become part of the OpenML
    Specification on its approval, and is a joint work of the
    <a href="http://www.khronos.org">Khronos SIG</a>.</p>

<a name="2">
<h2> 2. OpenML Component APIs and Versions </h2>

<h3> 2.1. Component APIs </h3>

<p> OpenML requires implementations of several separate APIs: <b>ML</b>,
    <b>MLdc</b>, and <b>OpenGL</b>. For the most part, the ABIs, SDKs,
    and DDIs required for each of these APIs are not related, and are
    described separately. Interactions are documented where needed.

<h3> 2.2. ML </h3>

<p> ML is the <i>Media Library</i> component of OpenML. It is a
    low-level API for accessing video and audio hardware.

<h3> 2.3. MLdc </h3>

<p> MLdc is the <i>Display Control</i> component of OpenML. It manages
    multiple video <i>channels</i>, including aspects such as video
    formats, timing, gamma tables, etc.

<h3> 2.4. OpenGL </h3>

<p> OpenGL is the <i>Graphics</i> component of OpenML. It is a low-level
    API for performing 3D rendering. OpenGL is standardized separately
    from OpenML by the <a href="http://www.opengl.org/">OpenGL
    Architecture Review Board</a>; OpenML simply requires a specific
    version of OpenGL with a small number of added API extensions for
    managing video data.

<p> Because OpenGL is a pre-existing API with shipping implementations,
    this document mostly refers to other standards (such as the <a
    href="http://oss.sgi.com/projects/ogl-sample/ABI/">OpenGL ABI for
    Linux</a>) when defining OpenGL-specific standards.</p>

<h3> 2.5. Versions </h3>

<p> This document defines ABIs and DDIs for the OpenML 1.0 APIs. </p>

<a name="3">
<h2> 3. Calling Conventions </h2>

<h3> 3.1. ML Calling Conventions </h3>

<p> <b>OPEN</b> - need to define ML datatype required sizes, Windows / Linux
    / etc. conventions.

<h3> 3.2. MLdc Calling Conventions </h3>

<p> <b>OPEN</b> - need to define MLdc datatype required sizes, Windows /
    Linux / etc. conventions.

<h3> 3.3. OpenGL Calling Conventions </h3>

<p> 3.3.1. <b>Linux</b> - the OpenGL implementation must follow the
    calling and datatype conventions defined by the <a
    href="http://oss.sgi.com/projects/ogl-sample/ABI/">OpenGL ABI for
    Linux</a>.

<p> 3.3.2. <b>Windows</b> - the OpenGL implementation must follow the
    calling and datatype conventions established <i>de facto</i> by
    Microsoft's <tt>OPENGL32.DLL</tt> and header files.

<p> 3.3.3. <b>Other Platforms</b> - calling conventions are
    platform-dependent. Datatype conventions are platform dependent so
    long as they satisfy the minimum size requirements of the OpenGL
    Specification.

<p> <b>Issues:</b> Do we need to address C++ linking issues? Need more
    detail on calling conventions for Linux?</p>

<a name="4">
<h2> 4. Libraries </h2>

<h3> 4.1. ML Library </h3>

<p> There is a single user-level ML link library. It includes ML entry
    points, and in general makes use of underlying hardware drivers for
    hardware device access. Hardware drivers may be incorporated into
    the link library, but in general they are loaded by the link library
    at runtime, and accessed through a <a href="#DDIsection">Device
    Driver Interface</a> defined below.

<p> 4.1.1 <b>Linux</b> - the link library has two names: that used on
    the ld command line, and the <tt>DT_SONAME</tt> within that library
    (specified by the <i>-soname</i> switch when linking the library),
    defining where it's looked up at runtime. Both forms must exist so
    that both linking and running will operate properly.

<p> The <tt>DT_SONAME</tt> includes the ML major version number, and is
    <tt>libML.so.1</tt>. The <i>link library name</i> is
    <tt>libML.so</tt>. <tt>libML.so</tt> must be implemented as a
    symbolic link to <tt>libML.so.1</tt>. This allows future major
    revisions of ML to be implemented transparently to applications by
    simply changing the link; new applications will link with the new
    runtime library, while old, compiled applications will continue to
    use the old runtime.

<p> <b>Issues:</b> do we need static link libraries?

<p> Both ML libraries must be located in <tt>/usr/lib</tt>.

<p> 4.1.2. <b>Windows</b> - the link library is named <tt>ML32.DLL</tt>.
    It must be located in <tt>\System\???</tt>

<p> <b>Issues:</b> What the heck are the Windows system library
    conventions, anyway? And will we run into the horrid Windows XP
    &quot;driver signing&quot; mess by mandating the library live in
    <tt>\System</tt>?

<p> 4.1.3. <b>Other Platforms</b> - the base name of the library should
    be <tt>libML</tt>, so that crossplatform Unix build systems can
    always use "-lML" on their link lines. The ML major version number
    (1) should be incorporated into the link library name in appropriate
    fashion. The library should be shared, and should use whatever the
    platform's library versioning mechanism is to cause compiled
    applications to resolve to resolve to the correct version of
    <tt>libML</tt> (e.g. the one they were linked against), even if a
    newer major version has become the default.

<p> The ML library is typically located in <tt>/usr/lib</tt>, although
    platform conventions may override this. The important point is that
    there be a single, standard location for the link library on that
    platform.

<h3> 4.2. MLdc Library </h3>

<p> There is a single user-level MLdc link library. It includes MLdc
    entry points, and in general makes use of underlying hardware
    drivers for hardware device access. Hardware drivers may be
    incorporated into the link library, but in general they are loaded
    by the link library or the window system at runtime, and accessed
    through a <a href="#DDIsection">Device Driver Interface</a> defined
    below.

<p> 4.2.1 <b>Linux</b> - the link library has two names: that used on
    the ld command line, and the <tt>DT_SONAME</tt> within that library
    (specified by the <i>-soname</i> switch when linking the library),
    defining where it's looked up at runtime. Both forms must exist so
    that both linking and running will operate properly.

<p> The <tt>DT_SONAME</tt> includes the MLdc major version number, and
    is <tt>libMLdc.so.1</tt>. The <i>link library name</i> is
    <tt>libMLdc.so</tt>. <tt>libMLdc.so</tt> must be implemented as a
    symbolic link to <tt>libMLdc.so.1</tt>. This allows future major
    revisions of MLdc to be implemented transparently to applications by
    simply changing the link; new applications will link with the new
    runtime library, while old, compiled applications will continue to
    use the old runtime.

<p> <b>Issues:</b> do we need static link libraries?

<p> Both MLdc libraries must be located in <tt>/usr/lib</tt>.

<p> 4.2.2. <b>Windows</b> - the link library is named
    <tt>MLDC32.DLL</tt>. It must be located in <tt>\System\???</tt>

<p> <b>Issues:</b> As for <tt>ML32.DLL</tt> - decide where
    the library lives.
    &quot;driver signing&quot; mess by mandating the library live in
    <tt>\System</tt>?

<p> 4.2.3. <b>Other Platforms</b> - the base name of the library should
    be <tt>libMLdc</tt>, so that crossplatform Unix build systems can
    always use "-lMLdc" on their link lines. The MLdc major version
    number (1) should be incorporated into the link library name in
    appropriate fashion. The library should be shared, and should use
    whatever the platform's library versioning mechanism is to cause
    compiled applications to resolve to resolve to the correct version
    of <tt>libMLdc</tt> (e.g. the one they were linked against), even if
    a newer major version has become the default.

<p> The MLdc library is typically located in <tt>/usr/lib</tt>, although
    platform conventions may override this. The important point is that
    there be a single, standard location for the link library on that
    platform.

<h3> 4.3. OpenGL Library </h3>

<p> There is a single user-level OpenGL link library. It includes OpenGL
    entry points, and in general makes use of underlying hardware
    drivers for hardware device access. Hardware drivers may be
    incorporated into the link library, but in general they are loaded
    by the link library or the window system at runtime, and accessed
    through a <a href="#DDIsection">Device Driver Interface</a> defined
    below.

<p> 4.3.1 <b>Linux</b> - the OpenGL library naming, location, and
    versioning conventions are as defined by the <a
    href="http://oss.sgi.com/projects/ogl-sample/ABI/">OpenGL ABI for
    Linux</a>.

<p> 4.3.2. <b>Windows</b> - the OpenGL library is shipped by Microsoft
    in <tt>\System\OPENGL32.DLL</tt>.

<p> 4.3.3. <b>Other Platforms</b> - follow existing conventions on those
    platforms (typically the OpenGL library is linked via "-lGL"). New
    platforms without existing conventions should follow the Linux
    conventions insofar as possible.

<h3> 4.4. Additional Issues </h3>

<p> <ul>
    <li> C++ runtime issues on Linux?
    <li> Entry points guaranteed in each library.
    <li> Thread safety.
    <li> Transitive linking of required libraries.
    </ul>

<a name="5">
<h2> 5. Header Files </h2>

<h3> 5.1. ML Header Files </h3>

<p> 5.1.1. The following header files are required for ML:

    <ul>
    <li> <b>TBD</b>
    </ul>

<p> Language bindings supported - <b>TBD</b> (C and C++?)

<p> Header locations - <b>TBD</b> (presumably /usr/include/ML on
    Linux/Unix)

<p> Header contents - <b>TBD</b> (ML 1.0)

<h3> 5.2. MLdc Header Files</h3>

<p> 5.2.1. The following header files are required for MLdc:

    <ul>
    <li> <b>TBD</b>
    </ul>

<p> Language bindings supported - <b>TBD</b> (C and C++?)

<p> Header locations - <b>TBD</b> (/usr/include/ML? check w/Cary)

<p> Header contents - <b>TBD</b> (MLdc 1.0)

<h3> 5.3. OpenGL Header Files </h3>

<p> 5.3.1 <b>Linux</b> - the OpenGL header file requirements are as
    defined by the <a
    href="http://oss.sgi.com/projects/ogl-sample/ABI/">OpenGL ABI for
    Linux</a>. In addition, <tt>glext.h</tt> and <tt>glxext.h</tt> must
    define interfaces for the OpenGL and GLX extensions, respectively,
    required by OpenML 1.0.

<p> 5.3.2. <b>Windows</b> - the following header files
    are required:

    <ul>
    <li> <tt>&lt;GL/gl.h&gt;</tt> - OpenGL
    <li> <tt>&lt;GL/wgl.h&gt;</tt> - WGL
    <li> <tt>&lt;GL/glu.h&gt;</tt> - GLU
    <li> <tt>&lt;GL/glext.h&gt;</tt> - OpenGL Extensions
    <li> <tt>&lt;GL/wglext.h&gt;</tt> - WGL Extensions
    </ul>

<p> gl.h, glu.h, and wgl.h are typically supplied by Microsoft,
    while <tt>glext.h</tt> and <tt>wglext.h</tt> should be obtained from
    the OpenGL extension registry. <tt>glext.h</tt> and
    <tt>wglext.h</tt> must define interfaces for the OpenGL and WGL
    extensions, respectively, required by OpenML 1.0.

<p> Header locations - <b>TBD</b> (check existing practice for
    MS-supplied headers; define a location for others).

<p> 5.3.3. <b>Other Platforms</b> - follow existing conventions on those
    platforms (typically header files are placed in
    <tt>/usr/include/GL</tt>). However, all implementations must provide
    <tt>glext.h</tt> and, for implementations on the X Window System and
    GLX, <tt>glxext.h</tt>, and all OpenML 1.0 extensions must be
    defined in those headers.

<p> New platforms without existing conventions should follow the Linux
    conventions insofar as possible.

<h3> 5.4. General Issues </h3>

<p> Required header files must not pull in internal headers or headers
    from other packages where that would cause unexpected namespace
    pollution. They must be protected against multiple inclusion and
    should not themselves include any headers that are not so protected.

<p> Vendor-specific shortcuts, such as macros for higher performance GL
    entry points, are intrinsically unportable. These should <b>not</b>
    be present in any required header files, but instead in a
    vendor-specific header file that requires explicit effort by
    developers to access, such as defining a vendor-specific
    preprocessor symbol or including a vendor-specific header file.</p>

<!-- <font face="Arial" size="2">yadda yadda</font> -->

<a name="6">
<h2> 6. Extension Mechanism and Extension Headers </h2>

<h3> 6.1. General Requirements </h3>

<p> The ML, MLdc, and OpenGL APIs may be extended by individual vendors
    or groups of vendors to provide functionality specific to some
    implementations. Such extensions take the form of new entry points
    and/or new parameters to existing functions.

<p> In general each API will be exposed to applications as a single link
    library, with the library dispatching functions to hardware-specific
    drivers as appropriate. If vendors providing extensions each
    provided a modified link library, binary applications could not
    reliably be moved from system to system, because incompatible
    interfaces would be provided depending on the source of the library.

<p> To deal with this, each API provides an <i>extension mechanism</i>
    which lets applications obtain new entry points (pointers to
    functions within driver modules) dynamically at runtime.

<p> Similarly, if each vendor provided modified header files adding
    their extensions, it would be difficult to build applications
    consistently in different environments. To deal with this, each API
    defines the structure of a <i>extension header</i> which defines
    interfaces for all known extensions and can be maintained at a
    central source.

<h3> 6.2. ML Extensions </h3>

<p> 6.2.1. The ML extension mechanism and extension headers
    are not defined yet; this will be done for OpenML 1.1.

<h3> 6.3. MLdc Extensions </h3>

<p> 6.3.1. <i>Need to insert MLdc extension mechanism</i>.

<h3> 6.4. OpenGL Extensions </h3>

<p> 6.4.1. <b>Linux</b> - The OpenGL ABI for Linux defines the required
    extension functionality, including the <b>glXGetProcAddressARB</b>
    function (provided by the <tt>GLX_ARB_get_proc_address</tt>
    extension) used to query extension interfaces. The <tt>glext.h</tt>
    and <tt>glxext.h</tt> headers from the OpenGL extension registry
    define interfaces to known OpenGL and GLX extensions.

<p> 6.4.2. <b>Windows</b> - WGL provides the <b>wglGetProcAddress</b>
    function used to query extension interfaces (unlike the GLX
    equivalent, returned function pointers are <i>context dependent</i>;
    portable code must be aware of this difference). <tt>glext.h</tt>
    (identical to the Linux version) and <tt>wglext.h</tt> headers from
    the OpenGL extension registry define interfaces to known OpenGL and
    WGL extensions.

<p> 6.4.3. <b>Other Platforms</b> - Unix platforms should follow the
    Linux conventions, providing the <tt>GLX_ARB_get_proc_address</tt>
    extension as well as <tt>glext.h</tt> and <tt>glxext.h</tt>. Other
    platforms should define an extension with similar functionality and
    provide <tt>glext.h</tt>; a companion extension header for window
    system interface extensions may also need to be provided. </p>

<a name="7">
<h2> 7. Device Driver Interfaces </h2>

<p> <b>TBD</b> - waiting on dmSDK DDI.


<p><hr></p>

<a name="app">
<h2> Appendix: Open Issues </h2>

<p> <b>TBD</b>

<!-- <p><a name="issue2.1">
    <b>Section 2.1</b>:
    Define GL datatypes for other supported Linux architectures - Alpha,
    PowerPC, MIPS, etc. (in general these will be identical to the IA32
    types). Note: we may want to suggest <tt>GLlong</tt> and
    <tt>GLulong</tt> as 64-bit datatypes for future OpenGL revisions.
-->


<a name="log">
<h2> Change Log </h2>

<ul>
<li> 2001/07/19 - Added extension mechanism section.
<li> 2001/04/17 - Initial version.
</ul>

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