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    <title>Function Qualifiers</title>
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    <div class="refentry">
      <a id="id-1"></a>
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      <div xmlns="" class="refnamediv">
        <a xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" id="FunctionQualifiers"></a>
        <h1>Function Qualifiers</h1>
        <p>
            Qualifiers for kernel functions.
        </p>
      </div>
      <div class="refsect2">
        <a id="synopsis"></a>
        <h3>
        </h3>
        <div class="informaltable">
          <table border="0">
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              <col align="left" class="col1" />
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                <td align="left">
__kernel
kernel

__attribute__((vec_type_hint(&lt;type&gt;)))
__attribute__((work_group_size_hint(<span class="emphasis"><em>X</em></span>, <span class="emphasis"><em>Y</em></span>, <span class="emphasis"><em>Z</em></span>)))
__attribute__((reqd_work_group_size(<span class="emphasis"><em>X</em></span>, <span class="emphasis"><em>Y</em></span>, <span class="emphasis"><em>Z</em></span>)))
__attribute__((nosvm))
                        </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </div>
      </div>
      <div class="refsect1">
        <a id="description"></a>
        <h2>Description</h2>
        <p>
          The <code class="function">__kernel</code> (or <code class="function">kernel</code>) qualifier declares a
          function to be a kernel that can be executed by an application on an OpenCL device(s).
          The following rules apply to functions that are declared with this qualifier:
        </p>
        <div class="itemizedlist">
          <ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: bullet; ">
            <li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: disc">
              <p>
                 It can be executed on the device only
               </p>
            </li>
            <li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: disc">
              <p>
                 It can be called by the host
               </p>
            </li>
            <li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: disc">
              <p>
                 It is just a regular function call if a <code class="function">__kernel</code> function
                 is called by another kernel function.
               </p>
            </li>
          </ul>
        </div>
        <p>
          Kernel functions with variables declared inside the function with the
          <a class="citerefentry" href="local.html"><span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">__local</span></span></a>
          or <a class="citerefentry" href="local.html"><span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">local</span></span></a>
          qualifier can be called by the host using appropriate APIs such as
          <a class="citerefentry" href="clEnqueueNDRangeKernel.html"><span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">clEnqueueNDRangeKernel</span></span></a>.
        </p>
        <p>
          The <code class="function">__kernel</code> and <code class="function">kernel</code> names are reserved
          for use as functions qualifiers and shall not be used otherwise.
        </p>
        <h4><a id="id-1.5.6"></a>Optional Attribute Qualifiers</h4>
        <p>
          The <code class="function">__kernel</code> qualifier can be used with the keyword <a class="citerefentry" href="attribute.html"><span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">__attribute__</span></span></a> to
          declare additional information about the kernel function as described below.
        </p>
        <p>
          The optional <code class="code">__attribute__((vec_type_hint(&lt;type&gt;)))</code>
          is a hint to the compiler and is intended to be a representation of the computational
          <span class="emphasis"><em>width</em></span> of the <code class="function">__kernel</code>, and should serve as the
          basis for calculating processor bandwidth utilization when the compiler is looking to
          autovectorize the code.  In the <code class="code">__attribute__((vec_type_hint(&lt;type&gt;)))</code>
          qualifier &lt;type&gt; is one of the built-in vector types or the constituent scalar
          element types.  If <code class="code">vec_type_hint (&lt;type&gt;)</code> is not specified, the
          kernel is assumed to have the <code class="code">__attribute__((vec_type_hint(int)))</code> qualifier.
        </p>
        <p>
          Implicit in autovectorization is the assumption that any libraries called from
          the <code class="function">__kernel</code> must be recompilable at run time to handle cases
          where the compiler decides to merge or separate workitems. This probably means that
          such libraries can never be hard coded binaries or that hard coded binaries must be
          accompanied either by source or some retargetable intermediate representation. This
          may be a code security question for some.
        </p>
        <p>
          For example, where the developer specified a width of <span class="type">float4</span>, the compiler
          should assume that the computation usually uses up 4 lanes of a float vector, and would
          decide to merge work-items or possibly even separate one work-item into many threads
          to better match the hardware capabilities. A conforming implementation is not required
          to autovectorize code, but shall support the hint. A compiler may autovectorize, even
          if no hint is provided. If an implementation merges <code class="constant">N</code> work-items
          into one thread, it is responsible for correctly handling cases where the number of
          global or local work-items in any dimension modulo <code class="constant">N</code> is not zero.
        </p>
        <p>
          If for example, a <code class="function">__kernel</code> function is declared with
          <code class="code">__attribute__(( vec_type_hint (float4)))</code> (meaning that most
          operations in the <code class="function">__kernel</code> are explicitly vectorized using
          <span class="type">float4</span>) and the kernel is running using Intel® Advanced Vector
          Instructions (Intel® AVX) which implements a 8-float-wide vector unit, the
          autovectorizer might choose to merge two work-items to one thread, running a second
          work-item in the high half of the 256-bit AVX register.
        </p>
        <p>
          As another example, a Power4 machine has two scalar double precision floating-point
          units with an 6-cycle deep pipe. An autovectorizer for the Power4 machine might choose
          to interleave six kernels declared with the <code class="code">__attribute__(( vec_type_hint
          (double2)))</code> qualifier into one hardware thread, to ensure that there is
          always 12-way parallelism available to saturate the FPUs. It might also choose to
          merge 4 or 8 work-items (or some other number) if it concludes that these are better
          choices, due to resource utilization concerns or some preference for divisibility by 2.
        </p>
        <p>
          The optional <code class="code">__attribute__((work_group_size_hint(<span class="emphasis"><em>X</em></span>,
          <span class="emphasis"><em>Y</em></span>, <span class="emphasis"><em>Z</em></span>)))</code> is a hint to the
          compiler and is intended to specify the work-group size that may be used i.e. value
          most likely to be specified by the <code class="varname">local_work_size</code> argument to
          <a class="citerefentry" href="clEnqueueNDRangeKernel.html"><span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">clEnqueueNDRangeKernel</span></span></a>.
          For example the <code class="code">__attribute__((work_group_size_hint(1, 1, 1)))</code> is
          a hint to the compiler that the kernel will most likely be executed with a work-group
          size of 1.
        </p>
        <p>
          The optional <code class="code">__attribute__((reqd_work_group_size(<span class="emphasis"><em>X</em></span>,
          <span class="emphasis"><em>Y</em></span>, <span class="emphasis"><em>Z</em></span>)))</code> is the work-group
          size that must be used as the <code class="varname">local_work_size</code> argument to
          <a class="citerefentry" href="clEnqueueNDRangeKernel.html"><span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">clEnqueueNDRangeKernel</span></span></a>.  This
          allows the compiler to optimize the generated code appropriately for this kernel.
        </p>
        <p>
          If <code class="varname">Z</code> is one, the <code class="varname">work_dim</code> argument to
          <a class="citerefentry" href="clEnqueueNDRangeKernel.html"><span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">clEnqueueNDRangeKernel</span></span></a>
          can be 2 or 3. If <code class="varname">Y</code> and <code class="varname">Z</code>
          are one, the <code class="varname">work_dim</code> argument to
          <a class="citerefentry" href="clEnqueueNDRangeKernel.html"><span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">clEnqueueNDRangeKernel</span></span></a>
          can be 1, 2 or 3.
        </p>
        <p>
            The optional <code class="code">__attribute__((nosvm))</code> 
            qualifier can be used with a pointer variable to 
            inform the compiler that the pointer does not 
            refer to a shared virtual memory region.
        </p>
      </div>
      <div class="refsect2">
        <a id="example1"></a>
        <h3>
            Example
        </h3>
        <div class="informaltable">
          <table border="0">
            <colgroup>
              <col align="left" class="col1" />
            </colgroup>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
// autovectorize assuming float4 as the
// basic computation width
__kernel __attribute__((vec_type_hint(float4)))
void foo( __global float4 *p ) { .... }

// autovectorize assuming double as the
// basic computation width
__kernel __attribute__((vec_type_hint(double)))
void foo( __global float4 *p ){ .... }

// autovectorize assuming int (default)
// as the basic computation width
__kernel
void foo( __global float4 *p ){ .... }
                        </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </div>
      </div>
      <div class="refsect1">
        <a id="specification"></a>
        <h2>Specification</h2>
        <p>
            <img src="pdficon_small1.gif" />

            <a href="https://www.khronos.org/registry/cl/specs/opencl-2.1-openclc.pdf#page=47" target="OpenCL Spec">OpenCL Specification</a>
        </p>
      </div>
      <div class="refsect1">
        <a id="seealso"></a>
        <h2>Also see</h2>
        <p>
            <a class="citerefentry" href="attribute.html"><span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">__attribute__</span></span></a>,
            <a class="citerefentry" href="clEnqueueNDRangeKernel.html"><span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">clEnqueueNDRangeKernel</span></span></a>,
            <a class="citerefentry" href="qualifiers.html"><span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">qualifiers</span></span></a>
        </p>
      </div>
      <div xmlns="" class="refsect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><a xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" id="Copyright"></a><h4 xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"></h4><img xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" src="KhronosLogo.jpg" /><p xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"></p>Copyright © 2007-2015 The Khronos Group Inc.
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